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Pendekatan Konstruktif Asean – Myanmar : Sorotan Kajian Lepas Roslam, Aini Fatihah; Idris, Nor Azizan; Othman, Zarina
KRITIS : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Hasanuddin Volume 1 Number 1, July 2015
Publisher : FISIP UNHAS

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Abstract : Myanmar (Burma) as a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) became the centre of regional attention when the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) imposed economic sanctions on the country. Myanmar’s membership is said to be hampering image and credibility of ASEAN. In addition, the Rohingya’s human rights issue has also affected Myanmar’s relations with regional Islamic states. However, ASEAN accepts Myanmar’s membership hoping its political system will be more social oriented and more democratic. In this light, this article poses a question. Has ASEAN’s constructive approach successfully democratized Myanmar? ASEAN utilizes the constructive approach towards Myanmar rather than isolating it in order to pave way for Myanmar’s democratization. This study employs library research and secondary data from other sources. The literature review shows that even though Myanmar’s political system is yet to be fully democratized, ASEAN’s constructive approach has indeed brought Myanmar closer to be more democratic compared to its more socialist system earlier on. The election and the release of Aung San Suu Kyi, the chairperson of the National League for Democracy (NLD) and main opposition leader in Myanmar in 2010, are the indicators of this progress. It is with the hope that this literature review will contribute to the accumulation of knowledge in the field of democracy research, democratization, and the role of ASEAN in the discipline of International Relations. Key words : ASEAN, democracy, Myanmar, constructive approach, SPDCAbstrak : Keahlian Myanmar (Burma) dalam Persatuan Negara-negara Asia Tenggara (ASEAN) pada tahun 1997 menjadi isu dalam hubungan serantau kerana Amerika Syarikat dan Kesatuan Eropah telah mengenakan sekatan ekonomi terhadapnya. Hal ini kerana, keahliannya menjejaskan kredibiliti dan imej ASEAN. Malah isu diskriminasi hak asasi kaum Rohingya di Myanmar turut memberi kesan terhadap hubungan antara Myanmar dengan negara Islam serantau. Namun, ASEAN menerima keahlian Myanmar dengan tujuan ianya akan dapat mensosialisasikan sistem politik negara tersebut ke arah yang lebih demokratik. Persoalannya, sejauh manakah pendekatan konstruktif ASEAN berjaya dalam usahanya menjadikan Myanmar sebuah negara demokrasi. ASEAN menggunapakai pendekatan konstruktif berhubung dengan kes Myanmar daripada meminggirkannya, kerana dengan ini memberi ruang pada Myanmar untuk lebih dekat dengan ’demokrasi’. Penyelidikan ini menggunakan kaedah kajian kepustakaan dan bersumberkan data sekunder. Sorotan kajian menunjukkan walaupun Myanmar masih belum menjadi negara yang mengamalkan sistem politik demokrasi, namun pendekatan konstruktif yang diambil oleh ASEAN berjaya membawa negara tersebut ke arah yang lebih ’demokratik’ berbanding sebelumnya yang bersifat sosialis. Pilihan Raya Kecil dan pembebasan Aung San Suu Kyi, Pengerusi Parti Liga Demokratik Kebangsaan (NLD) iaitu parti demokratik paling dominan di Myanmar pada tahun 2010, menunjukkan perubahan tersebut. Adalah diharapkan sorotan kajian ini dapat menyumbang ke arah pengumpulan khazanah ilmu terutamanya dalam bidang kajian demokrasi dan pendemokrasian serta kajian ASEAN dalam disiplin Hubungan Antarabangsa. Kata kunci : ASEAN, demokrasi, Myanmar, pendekatan konstruktif, SPDC
Migrasi Dan Keselamatan Insan: Kajian Kes Pemerdagangan Kanak-Kanak Di Thailand Misran, Firdaus; Othman, Zarina
KRITIS : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Hasanuddin Volume 1 Number 1, July 2015
Publisher : FISIP UNHAS

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Abstract : Non-military threats appear to have dominated the world’s political agenda, mainly consisting of human trafficking, drug trafficking, foreign migrants smuggling and others. Today, the human trafficking issue has turned into the exploitative form such as commercial sex, especially with regards to victimizing children. This phenomenon has extended to almost every corner in the world. This study is carried out in order to comprehend the development and growth of sex industries exploiting children in Thailand, which pose a threat to Thailand’s human security apparatus. Child sex exploitation in Thailand is associated with the presence of organized crime groups, which pose a threat to personal security, community security, and health security within the human security segments, thus threatening human security as a whole. This study has three main objectives, first; to identify the factors that facilitate the sex industry in Thailand, particularly those stemmed within Thailand’s communities and the South East Asian region in general. Second, to identify the role of organized crime groups luring children into sex industries which also pose a threat to Thailand’s human security. Third, to comprehensively analyse the human security threat in the personal, community and health dimensions, initiated by the booming child sex industries in Thailand. The study employs primary data collection methods such as interviews with Thai people, who once lived in the locations where sexual exploitation of children were held, an interview with the government official who’s in charge of the Malaysia-Thailand border surveillance activities, and also the method of observation which is a field work visit to Thailand’s sex destination ‘hot spot’. Secondary data was collected from a range of selected printed document and research publications such as books, journals and PhD theses. The result shows that organized crime groups are taking advantage of the social and economic pressure among Thai people. As a strategy these groups attract their interest and offer them a benefit, facilitating the growth of the commercial sex industry in Thailand. The phenomenon of Child Sex in Thailand is threatening human security in terms of personal, community and health security. Children are victims of exploitation, sexual violence and infectious diseases such as STI, STD, HIV and AIDS.Key words : child sex exploitation, human security, national security, organized crimes group, human trafficking.Abstrak : Ancaman bukan ketenteraan dilihat semakin mendominasi agenda politik dunia antaranya termasuklah isu pemerdaganggan orang, pengedaran dadah, penyeludupan migran asing dan sebaginya. Isu pemerdaganggan orang pada hari ini dilihat daripada sudut eksploitasi seperti seks komersial, terutamanya yang berlaku di kalangan kanak-kanak di mana merupakan suatu fenomena global yang wujud hampir di setiap negara di seluruh dunia. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bagaimanakah industri seks yang mengeksploitasi kanak-kanak di Thailand berkembang dan mengancam keselamatan insan di negara tersebut. Eksploitasi seks kanak-kanak di Thailand melibatkan kumpulan jenayah terancang dan ini mengancam keselamatan personal, komuniti dan kesihatan justeru ianya mengancam keselamatan insan. Tiga objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan industri seks kanak-kanak tumbuh berkembang dalam komuniti masyarakat terutamanya negara Thai dan umumnya dirantau Asia Tenggara. Kedua, untuk mengenalpasti peranan sindiket jenayah terancang dalam mempengaruhi keselamatan insan yang wujud disebabkan oleh industri eksploitasi seks kanak-kanak di negara Thai. Ketiga, untuk menganalisa ancaman keselamatan insan dalam aspek personal, komuniti dan kesihatan yang dibawa oleh industri seks komersial kanak-kanak di negara Thailand. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah pengumpulan data primer iaitu temubual bersama masyarakat Thai yang pernah tinggal lokasi-lokasi eksploitasi seks komersial kanak-kanak berlangsung, temubual pegawai kerajaan yang menjaga sempadan negara Malaysia- Thailand dan juga kaedah pemerhatian ‘lokasi panas’ di Thailand. Selain itu pengumpulan data sekunder turut dilakukan melalui dokumen dan penyelidikan bercetak terpilih seperti penerbitan bahan buku-buku berkaitan, jurnal dan tesis Ph.D. Dapatan kajian mendapati sindiket jenayah terancang mengambil kesempatan diatas tekanan ekonomi dan sosial yang berlaku dikalangan masyarakat Thai sebagai strategi untuk mereka mendapatkan keuntungan dan menjadi nadi penting kepada pertumbuhan industri seks komersial di Thailand. Eksploitasi seks komersial kanak-kanak di Thailand adalah merupakan suatu fenomena yang mengancam keselamatan insan dari sudut personal, komuniti dan kesihatan, Kanak-kanak merupakan mangsa eksploitasi yang dilihat menjadi mangsa kepada kekejaman seksual serta ancaman penyakit berjangkit seperti STI, STD, HIV dan AIDS. Kata kunci : eksploitasi seks kanak-kanak, keselamatan insan, keselamatan negara, kumpulan jenayah terancang, pemerdagangan orang.
Can Malaysia Move to Tier 1? Analysing the Current Trends and Case Studies of Human Trafficking Ilham Hussin, Nafisah; Othman, Zarina; Mohd Hed, Norhafiza; Mohd Azmi, Nadirah
JSP (Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan ilmu Poltik) Vol 28, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jsp.96890

Abstract

This study explores Malaysia’s persistent challenges in advancing to Tier 1 in the US Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report, highlighting systemic barriers such as weak enforcement, corruption, and insufficient victim protection. Despite existing anti-trafficking laws, poor implementation and limited support services have hindered efforts to combat human trafficking. The study examines key sectors vulnerable to trafficking—including palm oil plantations, manufacturing, and domestic labour—to identify critical gaps that perpetuate exploitation and abuse. A comparative analysis with the Philippines, an ASEAN country ranked at Tier 1, provides insights into successful strategies that Malaysia could adopt. The Philippines has implemented specialised anti-trafficking courts, victim-centred programs, and comprehensive enforcement mechanisms, contributing to its progress in addressing human trafficking. Malaysia, by contrast, has struggled with inconsistent prosecutions and inadequate rehabilitation services for victims, which have negatively impacted its TIP ranking. The findings suggest Malaysia must adopt a multi-dimensional approach to improve its anti-trafficking efforts. Key recommendations include strengthening legal frameworks, enhancing victim protection services, increasing prosecution rates, and fostering regional partnerships. Addressing these systemic challenges is crucial for safeguarding vulnerable populations, improving Malaysia’s international reputation, and promoting justice and human rights. Achieving Tier 1 status would signify a major step forward in Malaysia’s commitment to combating trafficking and ensuring accountability for perpetrators.
“Is there peace?”: Discrimination and the refugee experience in Malaysia Nazri, Atika Shafinaz; Othman, Zarina; Talib@Khalid, Kart Aboo; Zainuddin, Emyzai
Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik Vol. 38 No. 1 (2025): Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik
Publisher : Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/mkp.V38I12025.14-29

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Many factors, such as societal neglect, issues related to UNHCR, non-traditional legal frameworks, and international laws, contribute to the difficulties refugees face in Malaysia. However, in Malaysia, identify government discrimination as the primary factor contributing to the imbalance in refugees’ lives. Based on the experiences of refugees living in Malaysia, this research explores rights often denied by the government, regardless of their age, community background, or duration of stay. The study continues to delve into refugee challenges as long as they hold UNHCR cards. The method used in this study utilizes a qualitative approach. As a result of these challenges, this study presents the lived experiences of refugees as types of government discrimination based on their refugee status. This aspect has not been extensively explored in previous research. In conclusion, the study argues that those not involved in refugee management may perceive Malaysia as a country that practices democracy and upholds humanitarian values due to hosting nearly 180,000 refugees. However, the reality reveals existing shortcomings, including unrecognized UNHCR cards, fragility and susceptibility to detention, deprivation of the right to work, exposure to persecution, legal aid barriers, lack of access to healthcare treatment, and restricted access to formal education.