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All Journal Wacana: Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia
Jákl, JiŘí
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Arts Humanities Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Library & Information Science Social Sciences

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The figure of <i>pañji</i> in Old Javanese sources; What is in a name? Jákl, JiŘí
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 21, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Literary and epigraphic references to the figure of pañji in Old Javanese texts are analysed, and contextualized with much better-known references to the figure of Pañji in Middle Javanese texts. A hypothesis is offered that Old Javanese term pañji is best rendered as “court-name”. It is argued that young boys from elite families obtained their familiar court-name (pañji) at the very onset of their career at the court, where they served as pages and attendants of the royal family. They were also trained in arms, religious lore, and arts. Being since their childhood close to the king, they were trusted persons, and some of them made careers as high-ranking court officials, such as Dəmuṅ or Kanuruhan. Others, denoted ācārya, were trained as “masters of divine weapons”, Tantric ritual specialists, who were in charge of the so-called “divine weaponry“ (diwyāstra), mantra- infused ordinary weapons, an arsenal well-known in Old and Middle Javanese texts. Vestiges of this ritual lore have survived in Java until modern times.
Honey-bees, court ladies, and beekeeping in Java before 1500 CE Jákl, JiŘí
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 23, No. 2
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People have been interacting with bees in the Indo-Malay world for thousands of years. Though the practice of robbing bees of honey and wax is relatively well-documented, we know very little about the early history of beekeeping in Southeast Asia. In this study I will use Old Javanese evidence to demonstrate that providing honey bees with artificial cavities was a practice known in Java at least by the twelfth century CE, several centuries earlier than suggested by the historians of beekeeping. In the second part of my contribution I will discuss in detail an intriguing passage in the Sumanasāntaka, a court poem composed in the early thirteenth century CE, in which a literary motif of the “marriage by choice“ (swayamwara) of Princess Indumatī is based on the image and structure of beehive. The idea that a bee-colony is ruled by the “queen“ rather than the “king“ was not widely known in pre-modern world, and the Sumanasāntaka suggests that pre-Islamic Javanese were good observers of nature.
The sling and the blowgun as combat weapons in pre-Islamic Java; Notes on Old Javanese terms "gaṇḍi" and "tulup" Jákl, Jiří
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 18, No. 3
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Two Old Javanese terms, ga i and tulup, are discussed in detail. While the term tulup appears to be unproblematic, ga i has previously been identified with a score of weapons, including bow, club, war hammer, and sling. I argue that the original meaning of this enigmatic term is 'projectile, pellet', while its second, derived meaning refers in most cases to 'sling', and, occasionally, to 'blowgun'. Both weapons are represented in the Old Javanese textual record as the weapons associated with predatory warfare, and with the forces of adharma. I have tentatively suggested that this configuration reflects the pre-modern reality of slingers and the men equipped with blowguns perceived as essentially foreign, non-Javanese elements, and hence possibly identified by pre-modern audiences with mercenaries sourced from Sumatra or other parts of Indonesia where the sling and blowgun were used regularly in warfare.
Archery and target-shooting in pre-Islamic Java; What can be known? Jákl, JiŘí
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 26, No. 3
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In Java today, archery survives as a traditional discipline called jemparingan. Javanese archery involves targeting a pendulum-like target from a shooting distance of 35 to 50 metres. The archers take aim from a cross-legged seated posture (bersila) and typically wear traditional Javanese attire during competitions. Though archery has been practiced in Java for long time, there has been surprisingly little effort to study its rich history. This study aims to historicize the jemparingan by looking at the Old Javanese archery terminology and the origin of competitive (“contest”) archery in Indonesia. The evidence from pre-Islamic Java, textual, visual, and archaeological, demonstrates that Javanese jemparingan is rooted in a much older tradition of precision shooting (target shooting), which can be traced to pre-Islamic times. I propose that shooting at targets in the form of a wooden or metal split-drum (kukulan) was known in Java as a form of military training by Majapahit times in the fourteenth century CE. The origin of this practice is probably rooted in the introduction of more powerful and hence more precise bows, via the Mongol and Chinese influences during the invasion of Java in 1292 CE or shortly after this historical event.
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