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All Journal Randwick International of Education and Linguistics
Shafiqullah Amirzay
Pashto language & Literature, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan
Arts Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Other

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The Conjugation of Pashto Compound Verbs Zia Ul Islam Shirani; Lalkhan Minapal; Shafiqullah Amirzay
Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal Vol. 4 No. 2 (2023): RIELS Journal, June
Publisher : RIRAI Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47175/rielsj.v4i2.691

Abstract

Verb is a word which shows action happening time, generally has subject and time is known in verbs in fact this quality makes deference between verb and gerund. According to syntax, we have three types of verbs – Transitive verb, intransitive verb and Hukmi Motadi (Hukmi Transitive) verb. Most of the verbs has two roots (present and Past). According to structure, we have three types of verbs: simple verbs (as, root+suffix: ʣ+əm à ʣəm, χwr+əm à χwrəm à zə ɖoɖə́i χwrəm.) derivative verbs (as, article+root+suffix: rɑ+ʁ+əià rɑ́ʁəi à ahmád rɑ́ʁəi), and compound verbs (as, root+root+suffix: χpor + kedə́là [after changes of conjugation] χpəredə́l à wraʣpə́ɳa χpará ʃwa.). As well as, there are four categories of auxiliary verbs, as follow: “کېدل/kedə́l/”, “شول/ʃwəl/”, “ول/wəl/, کول/kawə́l/” and “کړل/kɽəl/”. Hereby, conjugation of verb in Pashto varies according to Number, Gender and Person. Meanwhile, both parts of compound verbs conjugate in which only one-part conjugates. Generally, the end of compound verbs is conjugated by the suffix according to the mentioned categories.
Study of Gender in Pashto Grammar Ajmal Khkalay; Shafiqullah Amirzay
Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal Vol. 4 No. 3 (2023): RIELS Journal, September
Publisher : RIRAI Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47175/rielsj.v4i3.791

Abstract

According to female perspective the male mentality about them in culture, is the mentality based on narcissism, which is a social reality. On this basis, we can also study languages that, according to women perspective or feminist theory, retain their gender and differentiate between word meanings and grammatical rules based on gender. In these languages, there used to be Avestian and Persian, which now leaves behind gender in the language. now it is Pashto, which still retains gender and differentiates linguistic rules and trends based on gender. In Pashto, gender is dominated by two areas: One in independent concepts and the other in grammatical variations. In Pashto, there is a gender difference in the price of nouns, adjectives, numbers, and adverbs, as well as in the case of verb descriptions. However, in all these contexts, the source is masculinity, from which the feminine derives, so there are two ways: from the most common masculine to feminine.
Co-Authors Ajmal Khkalay Lalkhan Minapal Zia Ul Islam Shirani