Abdul Samad
Faculty of veterinary and Animal Sciences MNS University of Agriculture 25000, Multan Pakistan

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Overview of Avian Corona virus, its prevention and control Measures Abdul Samad; Haseeb Ahmad; Muhammad Hamza; Ayesha Muazzam; Areeb Ahmer; Sania Tariq; Hafeez Ur Rehman Ali Khera; Ujala Mehtab; Muhammad Junaid Shahid; Waseem Akram; Muhammad Zain Kaleem; Shehroz Ahmad; Ahmad Abdullah; Shahryar Ahmad; Fares M Muthanna
BULLET : Jurnal Multidisiplin Ilmu Vol. 1 No. 01 (2022): BULLET : Jurnal Multidisiplin Ilmu
Publisher : CV. Multi Kreasi Media

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Avian Corona virus is a disease which is effecting bird’s upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corona virus which belongs to family Corona viridae. This also called Infectious Bronchitis as this infects the bronchioles and can also cause highest mortality ratio. The way of spreading of disease is Aerosol means that disease can transfer from bird to bird through air and it can also spread out through droppings of birds. This study will provide a support to diagnose of disease and also give a proper policy to fight with disease in order to minimize the mortality rate. Avian Corona virus is a viral disease so there is no treatment for it but there are some precautionary measures and vaccination program which will be help to minimize the mortality rate. Due to its spreading mode which is air it has small or short tenure of incubation period means if virus enters in a shed it will effect 100% flock in short time, so we need to stop that virus from entering in the shed so for this reason we need follow the given precautionary measure. Aim of this study is to minimize the economic loss due to Avian Corona virus and to give some extra knowledge to the people related to poultry industry.
Antipsychotic Combinations for Psychiatric Disorders Noor-Alhooda Milood Al-Awkally; Hamza Khalifa Ibrahim; Abdul Samad
BULLET : Jurnal Multidisiplin Ilmu Vol. 1 No. 01 (2022): BULLET : Jurnal Multidisiplin Ilmu
Publisher : CV. Multi Kreasi Media

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Abstract

DEAR EDITOR: Antipsychotic combinations are the co-prescribing of more than one antipsychotic medication for a single psychiatric individual. It's traditionally used to prevent a variety of mental illnesses, such as schizoaffective disorder and cognitive deficits.Overall, the estimated prevalence of antipsychotic combinations ranges between 4% and 70% [1]. Recent evidence indicates that the aforementioned countries have a greater incidence of antipsychotic combinations: [4,5], Arizona, United States (27.1%) [6,] South Africa (28.4%) [7], Ethiopia (28.2%) [8,] China (13.7%) [9], and Japan (19.9%). The observed changes could be likened to the definition of antipsychotic medications, the availability of health coverage for individuals with psychiatric disorders, and healthcare experts' neuropsychology knowledge [10]. Numerous considerations have been linked to an increased prevalence rate of antipsychotic combinations in psychiatric patients. Intervention resistance, switching of medication, aims to justify elevated dose of one antipsychotic, sleeplessness, and the use of antipsychotic medications in the prevention of chronic psychotic comorbid conditions are among these considerations [11]. Other research has discovered that antipsychotic combinations are closely linked with in-patient medical services, the intensity of disease, and doctor choice. [4,5,12]. Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) (e.g., peripheral neuropathy, dyskinesia and irritability, dystonia), neuroleptic malignant disorder, elevated prolactin, and loss of libido are all attributed with antipsychotic combinations [13]. Furthermore, antipsychotic overtreatment may significantly raise cardiovascular risk adverse effects, excess weight, carbohydrate disruption, hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, postural hypotension, QTC length, sudden cardiac arrest, and death. Sedation, memory deficits, hyper salivation, leukocytosis, immune thrombocytopenia neutropenia, convulsions, and hepatic encephalopathy are also side effects [13]. Antipsychotic overtreatment is a frequently reported treatment for patients suffering from neuropsychiatric disorders [14] . Regrettably, it should be more the exception than the rule, and many patients should avoid it [15,16] . More notably, the scarcity of evidence emphasizes the critical need for future investigations into the benefits and drawbacks of Antipsychotic overtreatment, as well as successful methods within currently prescribed psychotropic medications. Furthermore, antipsychotic combinations can serve to minimize and regulate many psychotic symptoms, such as false beliefs, mental confusion, fear, and extreme irritability. Furthermore, it can help to keep such signs from recurring.