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All Journal Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology
Gagad Restu Pratiwi
National Research and Innovation Agency
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Engineering

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Nitrogen Fertilizers and Plant Spacing in Organic Rice Cultivation: A Review Erythrina Erythrina; Gagad Restu Pratiwi; Nurwulan Agustiani; Arinal Haq Izzawati Nurrahma
Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology Vol. 7 No. 3 (2023): Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology
Publisher : Green Engineering Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55043/jaast.v7i3.143

Abstract

Organic rice cultivation is one of the technologies developed in Indonesia around two decades ago, but it is not growing as expected. Indeed, organic rice production is considered less effective than conventional farming. This review article explores the role of agronomic factors in organic rice cultivation related to organic nutrient availability and plant spacing. The proposed alternative solutions for using organic inputs to improve soil fertility and increase crop yields are also discussed. The effectiveness of organic fertilizers to chemical fertilizers based on the Rice Agro-advisory Service shows that organic rice has lower yields than conventional farming. The yield reduction ranges between 0.5 and 2.2 t ha−1 or around 9 to 43%, depending on organic amendments and site characteristics. It is also proven that applying high-nitrogen nutrients from organic fertilizers does not increase rice production. Application of nitrogen fertilizers in the right amount and at the correct plant stage  is more essential because it affects the yield component of rice plants. Narrower plant spacing in transplanted organic rice results in higher productivity. An increase in plant population higher than 25 hills m−2 no longer significantly increases rice yields. Among the agronomic factors that affect organic rice cultivation are the diversity of organic amendment in nutrient mineralization, especially nitrogen, according to plant needs, and narrow plant spacing that allows lesser weeds to grow among crop plants. These two agronomic factors need to be considered and applied by farmers to get the optimum growth and yield of organic rice cultivation.
Biochar and Humic Substances Roles for Nitrogen Transformation in Agriculture Gagad Restu Pratiwi; Arinal Haq Izzawati Nurrahma
Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) Vol 13, No 4 (2024): December 2024
Publisher : The University of Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23960/jtep-l.v13i4.1442-1452

Abstract

Sustainable soil fertility management is crucial for global food security and addressing environmental challenges from modern agriculture. Soil health, alongside water availability, is essential for crop productivity, and soil degradation threatens food security by lowering yields and intensifying climate change. Nitrogen (N) cycling is central to soil fertility, supporting plant growth through nutrient replenishment and microbial activity. However, N is often lost through leaching, volatilization, and denitrification, reducing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and contributing to water pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Optimizing nitrogen retention in soils is vital for improving productivity and minimizing environmental harm. Biochar (BC) and humic substances (HSs) have emerged as effective strategies for improving N management. BC enhances soil fertility by increasing soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and water retention, while reducing nutrient leaching and promoting carbon sequestration. HSs, including humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA) and humin (HU), improve nutrient cycling by stimulating microbial activity and enhancing nutrient transport. Together, BC and HSs provide synergistic benefits for soil health, particularly in challenging environments like saline or nutrient-depleted soils. This review highlights the roles of BC and HSs in enhancing soil fertility, promoting N mineralization, and improving crop productivity. It emphasizes their potential for sustainable agricultural practices, climate change mitigation, and long-term soil health. Keywords: Biochar, Climate changes, Humic substances, Remediation, Soil fertility.
Co-Authors Arinal Haq Izzawati Nurrahma Erythrina Erythrina Nurwulan Agustiani