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All Journal TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Aulia Arham
Universitas Islam Negeri Imam Bonjol
Computer Science & IT

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Arnold’s cat map secure multiple-layer reversible watermarking Aulia Arham; Novia Lestari
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 33, No 3: March 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v33.i3.pp1536-1545

Abstract

Reversible watermarking is a novel approach to digital copyright protection that allows the embedding of watermarks into digital data using multiple layers while retaining the ability to recover the original content without data loss. This method provides a unique solution for securing digital data while maintaining the integrity and quality of the content. Nonetheless, new challenges have emerged with the increase in attacks on this method, as reversible watermarking methods lack security keys, making it easy to extract and modify hidden data. In this paper, we present a method for multiple-layer reversible watermarking with security keys, with the goal of addressing the challenges posed by attacks and improving data protection within embedded content. The method uses arnold’s cat map to scramble images, and data embedding in predetermined iterations serves as the methods security key. We put the method through its paces with six grayscale images. With this method, the embedding capacity can reach 2.999 bpp across four layers of embedding, while the visual image quality can reach 22.01 dB. The outcomes from this approach are that the security of multiple-layer reversible watermarking can be enhanced while preserving the capacity to embed data in each layer.
Reversible data hiding with selective bits difference expansion and modulus function Aulia Arham; Hanung Adi Nugroho; Domi Sepri
TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) Vol 23, No 3: June 2025
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12928/telkomnika.v23i3.26310

Abstract

The integration of the internet of things (IoT) has significantly enhanced human life but also raises concerns about information security and privacy. Information security can be achieved through cryptography, which encrypts data to make it unreadable, or steganography, which hides data within other media. For sensitive media, such as military, medical, and forensic imaging, specialized techniques like reversible data hiding (RDH) are necessary to ensure the media can be fully restored after data extraction. Many researchers have proposed improvements to the RDH method in recent years. In this study, we propose an improved RDH method utilizing difference expansion and a modulus function. The method embeds data into the 4-bit, 3-bit, and 2-bit least significant bits (LSB) of the difference value of pixels, with a range of -2 and 2. The experimental findings demonstrate that our approach achieves a embedding capacity of 0.2507 bpp with 55.445 dB of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) for common images and 0.3849 bpp with 54.6810 dB of PSNR for medical images, using 2-bit difference values. The results demonstrate that our approach surpasses previous methods and holds promise for practical applications in IoT systems and the medical field, where secure and reversible data embedding is essential.
Co-Authors Domi Sepri Hanung Adi Nugroho Novia Lestari