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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering, and Design
Lim Yong Tat
School of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology Sarawak, Sarawak, MALAYSIA
Arts Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Computer Science & IT Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering

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Improvement in the Reinforced Concrete Beam with Embedded Polystyrene under Static Load Lim Yong Tat; Jen Hua Ling; How Teck Sia; Leong Wen Kam; Joseph Toh Sheng Ngu
Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering, and Design (IJoCED) Vol. 5 No. 2 (2023): IJoCED
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sampoerna University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35806/ijoced.v5i2.331

Abstract

Reinforced concrete beam is normally used as a skeletal frame to withstand the loads on the building. However, a long-span beam requires a larger beam section due to the concerns of excessive deflection and failure. Under such circumstances, a large portion of beam strength is used to sustain its own weight which is uneconomical. This problem could be overcome by reducing some portions of concrete using lightweight materials like polystyrene. The replacement should technically be applied without affecting the structural performance of the beam. This study aimed to develop an optimum design of lightweight beam by incorporating polystyrene in the conventional reinforced concrete beam. The specimens were tested with a static load using the four-point load test in order to investigate the behaviour of the beam. The effects of the parameters, such as the spacing of the polystyrene, and the amount of reinforcements were observed. The performance of the beams was evaluated in terms of the ultimate load, strength to weight ratio (s-w ratio), ductility, and failure mechanism. The results show that the lightweight beam, with 11.8% concrete replacement, outperformed the conventional beam by 47% to 61%, in terms of the s-w ratio.
Utilization of Tea Waste and Silico Manganese Slag in Cement Brick Lim Yong Tat; Ling Jen Hua; Mastura Binti Bujang; Mazizah Ezdiani binti Mohamad; Nur Saffrina Binti Saffaee; Qurratu Aini Binti Siat; Lim Xiao Jing
Indonesian Journal of Computing, Engineering, and Design (IJoCED) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): IJoCED
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sampoerna University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35806/g1j9ea62

Abstract

Bricks are commonly utilized construction materials composed of sand, cement, and water in standardized ratios. Such demand of construction materials could result in the exhaustion of natural resources. In order to tackle this problem, researchers are investigating the utilization of alternate substances including tea waste and silico manganese slag as partial replacement for sand and cement respectively in bricks. The study utilized a sand/cement ratio of 1:2.5 and a water/cement ratio of 0.5, along with the inclusion of 5-15% tea waste and 10-20% silico manganese slag in the mix percentage. The experimental findings demonstrated that by substituting tea waste and silico manganese slag into the cement brick, the brick exhibited sufficient compressive strength and water absorption properties, satisfying the minimum masonry unit requirements specified in the British Standard of 1985. Furthermore, the density of the cement brick with tea waste and silico manganese slag was found to be lower than the solid bricks, classifying it as a lightweight brick. All of the cement bricks containing tea waste and silico manganese slag met the criterion for the effective strength to weight ratio, except for the bricks made with 15% tea waste and 10% silico manganese slag. Based on the results, it was determined that the proposed mix proportion for the cement brick was the brick consists of 15% tea waste and 20% silico manganese slag. Such brick with the highest effective strength to weight ratio of 1.16 was suitable to be used in the construction industry.
Co-Authors How Teck Sia Jen Hua Ling Joseph Toh Sheng Ngu Leong Wen Kam Lim Xiao Jing Ling Jen Hua Mastura Binti Bujang Mazizah Ezdiani binti Mohamad Nur Saffrina Binti Saffaee Qurratu Aini Binti Siat