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All Journal INFOKUM Jurnal Scientia
Hamdani Hamdani
Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia
Computer Science & IT Education Mathematics

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AN ANALYSIS OF THE GROUNDING SYSTEM IN THE 20 KV TRANSFORMER USING ROD ELECTRODES IN PT. PLN (PERSERO) ULP PARAPAT Fahri Lubis; Hamdani Hamdani
Jurnal Scientia Vol. 12 No. 03 (2023): Education, Sosial science and Planning technique, 2023 (June-August)
Publisher : Sean Institute

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Abstract

The grounding/earthing system aims to secure electrical equipment and maintain the safety of humans who are at the place where the disturbance occurs by channeling the fault current to the ground/earth. Therefore, the grounding system is very important in the continuity of electric power distribution. Good grounding implementation obtains a resistance value according to the PUIL standard with a value of < 5 Ω. The value of grounding resistance is strongly influenced by the number of electrodes, the depth of the implanted electrodes, the distance between the electrodes, the size of the electrodes and the state of the ground where the electrodes are installed. In a certain area, it is often found that several types of soil have different soil resistivity values.
Analysis of Oxygen Sensor Data Stream and Short Term Fuel Trim (STFT)for Detecting Injection System Fault Symptoms in Four-Wheeled Vehicles Firza Ardana; Hamdani Hamdani; Ahmad Dani
INFOKUM Vol. 14 No. 05 (2026): Infokum, 2026
Publisher : Sean Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58471/infokum.v14i05.3151

Abstract

The modern EFI system has become the backbone of engine performance control, yet diagnosing faults within it remains a challenge when no Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) has been triggered. This study investigates the diagnostic potential of oxygen (O₂) sensor waveforms and Short Term Fuel Trim (STFT) data streams acquired via the OBD-II protocol on a Toyota Innova 1TR-FE. Six experimental conditions were tested—normal idle, normal at approximately 2,500 rpm, injector fault at idle, injector fault at 2,500 rpm, vacuum leak at idle, and vacuum leak at 2,500 rpm—using Toyota Global TechStream (GTS+) as the data acquisition interface. The analysis employed a residual generation approach combined with rule-based decision-level data fusion to distinguish between the three operating states. Results reveal that vacuum leaks produce a distinctive STFT elevation of up to +19.70%, while injector faults cause O₂ sensor voltage to fall to extremely low levels (0.011–0.042 V) with a complete cessation of switching activity (0 Hz). Integrating both parameters through decision-level data fusion enabled unambiguous differentiation among normal, vacuum leak, and injector fault conditions across all tested scenarios. The proposed method achieved a classification accuracy of 100%, surpassing the minimum target of 85%. These findings suggest that combined O₂ sensor and STFT data streams offer a practical and effective foundation for early-stage OBD-II-based fault diagnosis in EFI vehicles.
Co-Authors Ahmad Dani Fahri Lubis Firza Ardana