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Yohanes William Santoso
Universitas Amikom Yogyakarta
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Deliberate Negligence: Bolsonaro and Brazil’s Failure in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic Yohanes William Santoso
Global Strategis Vol. 14 No. 2 (2020): Global Strategis
Publisher : Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Unair

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgs.14.2.2020.315-330

Abstract

Brasil merupakan negara dengan kasus positif COVID-19 tertinggi kedua di dunia, setelah Amerika Serikat. Kasus penularan dan kematian yang tinggi membuat Brasil dapat dikatakan gagal dalam mencegah penyebaran COVID-19. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang berpengaruh dalam kegagalan upaya Brasil merespon pandemi ini. Salah satunya adalah karena adanya informasi dan instruksi yang berbeda antara Presiden Bolsonaro dengan gubernur-gubernurnya. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji respon Brasil dalam mengatasi pandemi COVID-19 dari rentang waktu sejak kasus pertama pada bulan Februari hingga bulan Juli 2020, serta menjelaskan alasan kegagalan tersebut. Argumen utama penulis adalah kegagalan Brasil disebabkan oleh adanya gejolak dalam politik domestik Brasil, dan kondisi sosial ekonomi di Brasil. Gejolak politik domestik tersebut dibagi menjadi dua yaitu gejolak di tingkat nasional: antara Presiden Bolsonaro dan menteri kesehatannya; dan gejolak di tingkat lokal: antara Presiden Bolsonaro dengan para gubernur negara bagian. Dari segi ekonomi, kondisi Brasil yang masih berusaha memulihkan perekonomian membuat pemerintahan Bolsonaro seolah sengaja melalaikan tanggung jawab untuk mengatasi penyebaran COVID-19. Sementara dari segi sosial, ketimpangan yang ada di Brasil membuat masyarakat yang tinggal di daerah-daerah miskin menjadi paling beresiko tertular karena tidak adanya infrastruktur sanitasi yang memadai. Kata-kata kunci: COVID-19, Brasil, Bolsonaro, kelalaian Brazil is a country with the second highest positive cases of COVID-19 in the world, after the United States. The high number of infected and death cases makes Brazil fail to prevent the spread of COVID-19. There are several factors contributed to Brazil's failure to respond the pandemic. One of the reasons is because of the information and differences between President Bolsonaro and his governors. This paper aims to examine Brazil's response in overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic from the timeframe from the first case in February to July 2020, and to explain the reasons for this failure. The author’s main argument is that Brazil's failure was caused by the turmoil in domestic politics and the socio-economic conditions in Brazil. Domestic political turmoil is divided into two, namely turmoil at the national level: between President Bolsonaro and his ministers of health; and turmoil at the local level: between President Bolsonaro and state governors. From the economy point of view, Brazil's condition, which is still in recovery, has made the Bolsonaro administration seem to have deliberately neglected its responsibility to contain the spread of COVID-19. Meanwhile, from a social perspective, the existing inequality in Brazil put people living in poorest regions at the highest risk of infection due to the absence of adequate sanitation infrastructure. Keywords: COVID-19, Brazil, Bolsonaro, negligence
Penyebab Krisis Finansial Global tahun 2008: Kegagalan Financial Development dalam Mendorong Pertumbuhan dan Stabilitas Ekonomi Yohanes William Santoso
Jurnal Hubungan Internasional Vol. 11 No. 1 (2018): Jurnal Hubungan Internasional
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jhi.v11i1.5853

Abstract

The Global Financial Crisis has raised questions for economists on the causes of the issue and how to prevent similar case in the future. One of the causes of the crisis was a large and rapid increase of credit accumulation in the United States (US) on the period of 2000 to 2007. While according to the theory of Financial Development, credit is one of the indicator that shows the ongoing national financial system. Credit includes the access get credit and the ability of financial institution to lend credit. Both can be seen in the United States, proved by the ease of access to home loans and increasing amount of subprime mortgages. In accordance with the theory of financial development, the US economy should had experienced growth and stability. However, the rapid increase of credit accumulation in US has led to instability and crisis. The anomaly proves the failure of Financial Development and encourage the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to review the theory and prove its relevance in explaining economic growth and stability.
Indonesia's Strategy in Response to COVID-19: A Fragmented State Balancing Health and Economy Yohanes William Santoso
Global Strategis Vol. 17 No. 2 (2023): Global Strategis
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jgs.17.2.2023.467-490

Abstract

This article aims to explain how the country's transformation influences Indonesia's strategy in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. Taking a period from March 2020 to May 2022, this article is based on the strategy of the Indonesian government, which seeks to balance health and economic aspects when responding to a pandemic. Indonesia has chosen an adaptive balancing strategy that balances health and economic aspects to respond to the pandemic. This strategy is relatively different from the reference strategy suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO), which focuses more on health before recovering the economy, which has drawn criticism from various experts. Nevertheless, the Indonesian government's efforts to deal with the pandemic have experienced significant progress and have succeeded in reducing transmission rates and accelerating vaccination. Therefore, this research explains why Indonesia chose an adaptive balancing strategy. To answer this question, researchers use state transformation theory as an explanatory instrument in understanding the dynamics of the policy-making process at the domestic level in response to a pandemic. In particular, the findings of this article discuss how fragmentation in Indonesia explains the domestic dynamics behind the country's response to cross-border non-traditional security issues such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords: Indonesia, Adaptive Balancing Strategy, COVID-19 Pandemic, State Transformation, Fragmentation Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana transformasi negara memengaruhi strategi Indonesia dalam menghadapi pandemi COVID-19. Dengan mengambil jangka waktu mulai dari Maret 2020 hingga Mei 2022, artikel ini berlatar belakang pada strategi pemerintah Indonesia yang berupaya untuk menyeimbangkan antara aspek kesehatan dan perekonomian ketika merespons pandemi. Indonesia memilih strategi perimbangan adaptif yang menyeimbangkan aspek kesehatan dan ekonomi sebagai jalan keluar dalam merespons pandemi. Strategi tersebut relatif berbeda dengan acuan strategi yang disarankan oleh World Health Organization (WHO) yang lebih berfokus pada kesehatan sebelum memulihkan perekonomian sehingga sempat menuai kritik dari berbagai pakar. Walaupun demikian, upaya pemerintah Indonesia dalam menangani pandemi mengalami perkembangan yang signifikan dan berhasil menurunkan angka penularan serta mempercepat vaksinasi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini berusaha menjelaskan alasan mengapa Indonesia memilih strategi perimbangan adaptif. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, peneliti menggunakan teori transformasi negara sebagai instrumen penjelas dalam memahami dinamika proses pengambilan kebijakan di tingkat domestik untuk merespons pandemi. Secara khusus, temuan artikel ini membahas bagaimana fragmentasi di Indonesia menjelaskan dinamika domestik di balik respons negara terhadap isu keamanan non-tradisional lintas batas seperti pandemi COVID-19. Kata-kata kunci: Indonesia, Strategi Perimbangan Adaptive, Pandemi COVID-19, Transformasi Negara, Fragmentasi
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