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All Journal ELT Worldwide: Journal of English Language Teaching
Nurfadillah Abdullah
Universitas Negeri Makassar
Humanities Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media

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The Impact of Vygotsky’s ZPD Theory: Self-Talk as a Form of Private Speech Towards Students’ English-Speaking Performance Nurfadillah Abdullah; Samtidar Samtidar; Fitri Radhiyani
ELT Worldwide: Journal of English Language Teaching Vol 13, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Makassar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26858/eltww.v13i2.88967

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the impact of self-talk as a form of private speech within Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) on students’ English-speaking performance. The study employed a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design. The participants were 15 eleventh-grade students at Pondok Pesantren Darul Istiqamah Makassar. Data were collected through oral speaking tests administered before and after four treatment sessions involving structured self-talk practice. Students’ performances were assessed in terms of fluency, accuracy, and comprehensibility and analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, and a paired-samples t-test. The results showed an increase in the mean speaking score from 34.22 in the pre-test to 62.67 in the post-test. The paired-samples t-test revealed a statistically significant difference between the two scores (t(14) = -15.025, p < .001). The improvement was observed across the three speaking aspects, with fluency showing the most prominent improvement, followed by comprehensibility and accuracy. The findings suggest that self-talk as a form of private speech can support EFL learners’ speaking development by providing opportunities for rehearsal, self-regulation, reduced hesitation, and gradual movement toward more independent performance. Therefore, it can be concluded that the implementation of the self-talk strategy had a positive and significant impact on the English-speaking performance of the eleventh-grade students at Pondok Pesantren Darul Istiqamah Makassar.  
Co-Authors Samtidar Samtidar