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All Journal International Journal Of Economics Social And Technology Asian Multidisciplinary Research Journal of Economy and Learning
Arga Abdi Rafiud Darajat Lubis
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Humanities Automotive Engineering Computer Science & IT Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences Other

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The Limits of Digital Fiscal Reform: Implementation Depth of Local Government Transaction Electronification (ETPD) and Local Revenue Optimisation in Simalungun Regency Elly Ermawati Sagala; Tunggul Sihombing; Gauri Sudhanwa Kopardekar; Arga Abdi Rafiud Darajat Lubis
International Journal Of Economics Social And Technology Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Maret 2026
Publisher : Lembaga Riset Ilmiah

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59086/ijest.v5i1.1472

Abstract

This study examines the implementation depth of Local Government Transaction Electronification (ETPD) in strengthening regional tax and levy collection in Simalungun Regency, Indonesia. It addresses a practical and theoretical paradox in digital fiscal reform: while Simalungun has demonstrated strong formal commitment to regional digitalisation through TP2DD coordination, non-cash payment channels, and institutional support, the substantive optimisation of local revenue remains uneven across agencies, revenue categories, and end users. Using a qualitative descriptive case-study design, this study involved sixteen purposively selected informants, including TP2DD leaders, relevant district agencies, a Bank Indonesia representative, sub-district revenue treasurers, and residents who had not yet adopted digital payment for local obligations. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, field observation, and document review, then analysed using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña interactive model with Edward III’s implementation framework. The findings show that ETPD has contributed to administrative modernisation and wider non-cash payment availability. During the implementation period, combined regional tax and levy revenue increased from IDR 105.76 billion in 2022 to IDR 119.82 billion in 2023 and IDR 154.93 billion in 2024. However, the fiscal improvement was driven far more strongly by taxes than by levies, indicating that digital fiscal reform produces uneven effects when revenue objects differ in administrative visibility, transaction value, and collection routines. Implementation remains constrained by uneven public communication, limited technical competence among some field implementers, unequal internet access, incomplete transaction-recording devices, and low digital literacy among some community groups. The study concludes that ETPD in Simalungun represents an advancing but not yet fully consolidated reform. Its effectiveness depends not merely on payment-channel digitalisation, but on the alignment of bureaucratic capacity, transaction-monitoring infrastructure, field-level support, and user readines  
Bitcoin, Gold, And S&P 500: Strategic Comparison For Future Investments In The Digital Era: English Arga Abdi Rafiud Darajat Lubis
Asian Multidisciplinary Research Journal of Economy and Learning Vol. 1 No. 5 (2024): November 2024
Publisher : Argael Publisher, an imprint of CV. ARGA FARMA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70471/2622tc67

Abstract

This study examines the comparative performance of three major asset classes—Bitcoin, gold, and the S&P 500—in addressing inflation and global economic dynamics from 2013 to 2024. Using historical data, the research analyzes price changes, trading volume, and value growth for each asset. Bitcoin recorded extraordinary growth of 8,518.54%, reflecting its widespread global adoption as an innovative digital asset. The S&P 500, a benchmark for stock market stability, achieved cumulative growth of 224.68%, while gold, a traditional safe-haven asset, saw moderate growth of 42.85%. To assess Bitcoin’s future potential, price projections were conducted using the Location Quotient (LQ) method with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 51.81%. These projections estimate that Bitcoin's price could reach $755,417.95 by 2029, making it a highly promising long-term investment. However, Bitcoin's high volatility remains a key challenge for investors. This study also links asset performance to inflation rates in Indonesia, as reflected in the 58.82% increase in rice prices over the same period. Findings indicate that Bitcoin not only preserves wealth against inflation but also offers significantly higher profit potential compared to traditional assets. This article aims to provide insights for investors in formulating optimal portfolio diversification strategies by weighing the strengths and risks of each asset in the context of the digital age and evolving global economy.
Co-Authors Elly Ermawati Sagala Gauri Sudhanwa Kopardekar Tunggul Sihombing