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All Journal IAES International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA)
Marojahan Mula Timbul Sigiro
Institut Teknologi Del
Automotive Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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SMAC: System for monitoring and automatic control of water, nutrients, and pH in hydroponic nutrient film technique Frengki Simatupang; Istas Pratomo Manalu; Eka Stephani Sinambela; Marojahan Mula Timbul Sigiro; Gerry Italiano Wowiling
IAES International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA) Vol 15, No 2: June 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijra.v15i2.pp365-376

Abstract

Manual regulation of nutrient solution parameters in hydroponic systems often causes instability and delayed corrective actions. This study presents an Internet of Things (IoT) based system monitoring and automatic control (SMAC) for a nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic system to automatically regulate pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and temperature. The proposed system integrates real-time sensors, automatic actuators, and dual-microcontroller architecture, in which an Arduino Uno performs local control while an ESP32 enables wireless IoT monitoring. An experimental systems engineering approach was applied for system design and performance evaluation. Automatic temperature compensation (ATC) was incorporated into pH and TDS measurements to improve reliability under varying thermal conditions. Experimental results indicate that the temperature sensor achieved an average error of 0.13 °C. The control algorithm corrected pH deviations gradually by approximately ±0.31 pH units (pH Up) and ±0.38 pH units (pH Down) per cycle without overshoot. Nutrient concentration control increased TDS by about 75 ppm per cycle under low-TDS conditions. Stability testing confirmed that pH and TDS remained within optimal ranges after disturbances, while safety mechanisms operated reliably under abnormal temperatures. The results demonstrate that the proposed SMAC system provides accurate, stable, and adaptive control suitable for precision and sustainable hydroponic applications.
Co-Authors EKA STEPHANI SINAMBELA Frengki Simatupang Gerry Italiano Wowiling Istas Pratomo Manalu