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All Journal Jurnal Kewarganegaraan Rechtsvinding
Chandera Halim
Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta
Arts Humanities Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences Other

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Analysis of Forced Marriage as an Offense of Sexual Violence Chandera Halim; Vincentius Patria Setyawan
Jurnal Kewarganegaraan Vol 7 No 2 (2023): Desember 2023
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS PGRI YOGYAKARTA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31316/jk.v7i2.5514

Abstract

Abstrak Fenomena pelaksanaan perkawinan secara paksa sebagai suatu fenomena sosial telah bergulir menjadi suatu fenomena hukum. Pemaksaan perkawinan dalam perkembangannya menjadi salah satu bentuk dari tindak pidana kekerasan seksual sebagaimana diatur di dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual. Artikel ini akan menganalisis tentang pemaksaan perkawinan sebagai jenis dari tindak pidana kekerasan seksual. Fokus kajiannya adalah berkaitan dengan pengertian tindak pidana pemaksaan perkawinan dan bentuk pertanggungjawaban pidana bagi pelaku tindak pidana pemaksaan perkawinan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah tindak pidana pemaksaan perkawinan merupakan pelanggaran dari hak asasi manusia dan sebagai salah satu bentuk tindak pidana kekerasan seksual. Kata Kunci: Pemaksaan Perkawinan; Kekerasan Seksual; Pertanggungjawaban Pidana. Abstract The phenomenon of forced marriage as a social phenomenon has turned into a legal phenomenon. In its development, forced marriage has become a form of criminal sexual violence as regulated in Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Criminal Sexual Violence. This article will analyze forced marriage as a type of criminal act of sexual violence. The focus of the study is related to the definition of the criminal act of forced marriage and the form of criminal responsibility for perpetrators of the criminal act of forced marriage. The results of this research are that the criminal act of forced marriage is a violation of human rights and is a form of criminal sexual violence. Keywords: Forced Marriage; Sexual Violence; Criminal Liability.
The Legal Standing And Validity Of Smart Contracts as Assessed Under The Requirements of a Valid Contract in Indonesian Civil Law Chandera Halim
Rechtsvinding Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Civiliza Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59525/rechtsvinding.1424

Abstract

This research examines the legal standing and validity of smart contracts under the requirements of a valid contract in Indonesian civil law, particularly within the framework of Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek), which requires consent, legal capacity, a specific object, and a lawful cause. Using normative juridical research with statutory and conceptual approaches, the study analyzes civil law provisions, regulations on electronic information and transactions, and doctrinal perspectives on digital contract law. The findings indicate that smart contracts can, in principle, fulfill the elements of a valid contract, especially regarding consent and object, as long as the parties’ intentions are identifiable and the contractual terms are sufficiently clear despite being expressed in code. However, challenges remain in assessing legal capacity, ensuring genuine consent, and determining lawful cause, particularly when execution occurs autonomously without direct human involvement. Therefore, although Indonesian civil law allows their recognition, clearer legal interpretation and regulatory development are necessary to ensure legal certainty and protection of the parties.
Analysis of Forced Marriage as an Offense of Sexual Violence Chandera Halim; Vincentius Patria Setyawan
Jurnal Kewarganegaraan Vol 7 No 2 (2023): Desember 2023
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS PGRI YOGYAKARTA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31316/jk.v7i2.5514

Abstract

Abstrak Fenomena pelaksanaan perkawinan secara paksa sebagai suatu fenomena sosial telah bergulir menjadi suatu fenomena hukum. Pemaksaan perkawinan dalam perkembangannya menjadi salah satu bentuk dari tindak pidana kekerasan seksual sebagaimana diatur di dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual. Artikel ini akan menganalisis tentang pemaksaan perkawinan sebagai jenis dari tindak pidana kekerasan seksual. Fokus kajiannya adalah berkaitan dengan pengertian tindak pidana pemaksaan perkawinan dan bentuk pertanggungjawaban pidana bagi pelaku tindak pidana pemaksaan perkawinan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah tindak pidana pemaksaan perkawinan merupakan pelanggaran dari hak asasi manusia dan sebagai salah satu bentuk tindak pidana kekerasan seksual. Kata Kunci: Pemaksaan Perkawinan; Kekerasan Seksual; Pertanggungjawaban Pidana. Abstract The phenomenon of forced marriage as a social phenomenon has turned into a legal phenomenon. In its development, forced marriage has become a form of criminal sexual violence as regulated in Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Criminal Sexual Violence. This article will analyze forced marriage as a type of criminal act of sexual violence. The focus of the study is related to the definition of the criminal act of forced marriage and the form of criminal responsibility for perpetrators of the criminal act of forced marriage. The results of this research are that the criminal act of forced marriage is a violation of human rights and is a form of criminal sexual violence. Keywords: Forced Marriage; Sexual Violence; Criminal Liability.
From Party Autonomy to Algorithmic Autonomy: Reconstructing the Principle of Freedom of Contract in Artificial Intelligence-Generated Contracts Chandera Halim
Rechtsvinding Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Civiliza Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59525/rechtsvinding.1971

Abstract

The increasing use of artificial intelligence in drafting, reviewing, and negotiating contracts challenges the traditional conception of freedom of contract, which is founded on the autonomous will, informed consent, and equal bargaining position of the contracting parties. This study examines whether contracts generated or substantially shaped by artificial intelligence can still be regarded as genuine expressions of party autonomy and seeks to reconstruct the principle of freedom of contract in response to the emergence of algorithmic autonomy. The research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, supported by an analysis of contract law doctrines, electronic transaction regulations, and contemporary principles of artificial intelligence governance. The study finds that an artificial intelligence-generated contract may remain legally valid when the system functions merely as an instrument acting within parameters determined by legally competent parties. Nevertheless, formal consent alone is insufficient to demonstrate genuine contractual freedom when parties do not understand the operation of the artificial intelligence system, the origin of the generated clauses, or the legal risks arising from algorithmic errors, bias, and unequal technological capacity. The study proposes a reconstructed model of freedom of contract based on meaningful human control, informed algorithmic consent, transparency regarding the use of artificial intelligence, the ability to review and modify generated clauses, and clear attribution of responsibility for technological errors. It concludes that algorithmic autonomy should not replace party autonomy but must remain subordinate to human intention, fairness, accountability, and the protection of contracting parties.
Co-Authors Vincentius Patria Setyawan