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All Journal Pancasila International Journal of Applied Social Science
Islam, Hafizul
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Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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United Nations Security Council’s Role in the Liberation War of Bangladesh: Critical Analysis Hasan, Mehabub; Al Mamun, Firoz; Amin, Ruhul; Islam, Hafizul; Islam, Monirul
Pancasila International Journal of Applied Social Science Том 2 № 01 (2024): Pancasila International Journal of Applied Social Science
Publisher : PT. Riset Press International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59653/pancasila.v2i01.336

Abstract

Bangladeshis began their fight for independence on March 26, 1971, as a response to Pakistani rule that was unfair to their race and treated them like a colony within their own country. Between the start of the Liberation War and November, the UNO's main job was to provide aid and support for civilians. When India and Pakistan went to war on December 3 over the Liberation War, the UN Security Council got very busy. The Security Council met nonstop during this time and discussed many ideas and counter-proposals. Two superpowers of this time, USA and the Soviet Union, took opposing positions in the Security Council. United States and China sided with Pakistan while Soviet Union sided with Bangladesh (East Pakistan). In the Security Council, France and Britain remained neutral and did not vote. The Security Council could not reach a consensus. After debate and vote in the Security Council, the agenda was transmitted to the General Assembly on 6 December. General Assembly passed a 'Unity Formula for Peace' resolution by an overwhelming majority on December 7. India and Bangladesh rejected this idea; therefore, the US called a second Security Council session. The Security Council met from 12 to 21 December at various times. Bangladesh's independence on December 16 altered everything. International representatives acknowledged reality and unanimously approved a ceasefire agreement on December 21, resolving the long-awaited Bangladesh problem.
Negotiating Tradition and Aspiration: A Phenomenological Study of Rural Girls’ Pursuit of Higher Education in Bangladesh Sajid, Abu Jonayed; Rabbi, Fazle; Islam, Hafizul
Pancasila International Journal of Applied Social Science Том 4 № 01 (2026): Pancasila International Journal of Applied Social Science
Publisher : PT. Riset Press International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59653/pancasila.v4i01.2096

Abstract

This qualitative study explores how rural girls in Jamalpur District, Bangladesh, negotiate their pursuit of higher education within the intersecting forces of patriarchal norms, cultural expectations, and socioeconomic limitations. Drawing on Feminist Phenomenology and Bourdieu’s theory of habitus and cultural capital, the study examines twenty in-depth interviews to illuminate the lived meanings of aspiration, agency, and constraint. Using Braun and Clarke’s reflexive thematic analysis, five major themes emerged: conditional negotiation for family approval, balancing respectability with ambition, persistence amid economic hardship, emotional ambivalence, and education as empowerment. The findings reveal that girls’ educational journeys are shaped by moral expectations and relational negotiations rather than overt defiance. Their agency is expressed through strategic conformity, emotional endurance, and subtle acts of adaptation. Education, therefore, operates as both a site of constraint and transformation, allowing rural girls to reimagine womanhood within socially accepted boundaries. The study contributes to feminist educational discourse by foregrounding the emotional, cultural, and structural dimensions of gendered access to higher education. It calls for gender-transformative policies that address not only material barriers but also the cultural logics that define respectability and feminine virtue in rural Bangladesh.
Co-Authors Al Mamun, Firoz Hasan, Mehabub Islam, Monirul Rabbi, Fazle Ruhul Amin Sajid, Abu Jonayed