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Exogenous Reactive Oxygen Species Augments SMAD4 Expression And TGF-β Paradox in Human Breast Cancer Roy, Avany Vinod; Padmanabhan, Renjini Ambika; Ramachandran, Rajesh
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 18, No 3 (2024): September
Publisher : http://dharmais.co.id/

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33371/ijoc.v18i3.1179

Abstract

Background: The Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) functions to induce apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and differentiation is central to sustaining tissue homeostasis and maintaining genomic stability. TGF-β normally, an effective tumor-suppressor that restricts the uncontrolled division of cells augments the development and progression of human malignancies when cytostatic activities of TGF-β are resisted by genetic and epigenetic events caused by tumorigenesis. This dichotomic nature of TGF-β during oncogenesis termed as “TGF-β Paradox,” persists to be the most crucial and puzzling query regarding its physio-pathological function and the role of cellular antioxidant status is highly interrelated which warrants more studies on the role of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) in deciding epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. The objective of the study was to check whether enhanced ROS augments the TGF-β pathway facilitating EMT. Methods: In vitro toxicity assay was performed to assess the appropriate concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) imparting oxidative stress. Comet assay and   8-OHdG (8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to check the extent of DNA damage and adduct production respectively. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 ELISA and mRNA gene expression analysis of TGF-β and SMAD were done to verify the effect of H2O2 on these signaling. Results: The objective of the study was to check whether enhanced ROS augments the TGF-β pathway facilitating EMT. Along with morphological alterations, a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability was seen at 300µM of H2O2 compared to 75µM. DCFDA labeling discovered the dose-dependent gradation of intracellular ROS generation and this was correlated to increased cellular DNA damage and DNA adduct production which was increased linearly with increasing H2O2 as evident with comet test and 8-OHdG ELISA. Significantly reduced MAPK p38 activity revealed by indirect ELISA analysis suggests lessened suppression of cell growth. Conclusions: The study establishes that higher intracellular ROS will facilitate the TGF-β paradox leading to epithelial mesenchymal transition which can adversely affect therapeutic strategies targeting EMT 
Link stability - based optimal routing path for efficient data communication in MANET Salim, Renisha Pulinchuvallil; Ramachandran, Rajesh
International Journal of Advances in Intelligent Informatics Vol 10, No 3 (2024): August 2024
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26555/ijain.v10i3.1558

Abstract

The paper delves into the complexities of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), which consist of a diverse array of wireless nodes. In such networks, routing packets poses a significant challenge due to their dynamic nature. Despite the variety of techniques available for optimizing routing in MANETs, persistent issues like packet loss, routing overhead, and End-to-End Delay (EED) remain prevalent. In response to these challenges, the paper proposes a novel approach for efficient Data Communication (DC) by introducing a Link Stability (LS)-based optimal routing path. This approach leverages several advanced techniques, including Pearson Correlation Coefficient SWIFFT (PCC-SWIFFT), Galois-based Digital Signature Algorithm (G-DSA), and Entropy-based Gannet Optimization Algorithm (E-GOA). The proposed methodology involves a systematic process. Initially, the nodes in the MANET are initialized to establish the network infrastructure. Subsequently, the Canberra-based K Means (C-K Means) algorithm is employed to identify Neighboring Nodes (NNs), which are pivotal for creating communication links within the network. To ensure secure communication, secret keys (SK) are generated for both the Sender Node (SN) and the Receiver Node (RN) using Galois Theory. Following this, PCC-SWIFFT methodologies are utilized to generate hash codes, serving as unique identifiers for data packets or routing information. Signatures are created and verified at the SN and RN using the G-DSA. Verified nodes are subsequently added to the routing entry table, facilitating the establishment of multiple paths within the network. The Optimal Path (OP) is selected using the E-GOA, considering factors such as link stability and network congestion. Finally, Data Communication (DC) is initiated, continuously monitoring LS to ensure optimal routing performance. Comparative analysis with existing methodologies demonstrates the superior performance of the proposed model. In summary, the proposed approach offers a comprehensive solution to enhance routing efficiency in MANETs by addressing critical issues and leveraging advanced algorithms for key generation, signature verification, and path optimization