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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI)
Dorji, Ugyen
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Determinants of Participation in Different Livelihood Diversification Strategies Among Rural Households in Western Bhutan Wangmo, Sonam; Dorji, Ugyen; Dorji, Nedup
Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI) Vol. 5 No. 2 (2024): August
Publisher : CV. Literasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47540/ijsei.v5i2.1496

Abstract

Strategies for diversifying one's source of income are crucial for the development of rural households' rain-fed agricultural economies in developing nations like Bhutan. Participating in off-farm and non-farm activities supports households in tackling a variety of difficulties, such as drought. Nonetheless, little study has been done on determining the factors that affect households’ decisions about livelihood choices in the Bhutanese context. Therefore, this study aims to examine the factors influencing rural households’ decisions to diversify their livelihood diversification strategies in western Bhutan. A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was employed to select 384 rural household heads as the study area's sample. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires from sampled households. The factors affecting rural household heads' decision to select livelihood strategies were determined using a multivariate Probit Regression Model. The model's result showed that, while on-farm livelihood strategy was negatively and significantly correlated with distance to market, it had a strong correlation with male-headed households and land holdings. The non-farm livelihood strategy was demonstrated to be significantly and positively affected by the total income, education level, and dependency ratio; whereas, the gender of the household head had a negative and significant impact. Landholding had a negative and significant impact on off-farm livelihood strategy, while the gender of the household head had a positive and significant effect.  Therefore, the study recommends policies and initiatives aimed at enhancing rural livelihood should prioritize expanding rural infrastructures, enhance smallholder households’ sustainable livelihood ability, and help to participate in income-generating activities in different ways.
Investigating Sediment Grain Size Distribution and Transport Patterns in Punatsangchhu River, Punakha, Bhutan Tenzin, Sangay; Dorji, Ugyen
Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI) Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025): April
Publisher : CV. Literasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47540/ijsei.v6i1.1615

Abstract

This study investigates bed load sediment transport dynamics in selected areas of Punatsangchhu River, focusing on rock type identification, their association with topography, grain size distribution, and factors influencing bed load transport rates. 1D numerical sediment transport modeling was also done in HEC-RAS 6.3.1 using the discharge data of four years from 2020 to 2023. Bed load sediment samples were collected from 55 plots laid systematically 500 meters apart along the river. Results reveal Granite as the predominant rock type, reflecting the region's geological complexity shaped by Himalayan tectonics. Significant associations between rock types and topography, particularly for Granite Boulder, highlight the complex interplay of topographic factors shaping sediment distribution. Bed load transport rates vary across sediment roundness and river reach types, with round particles exhibiting higher rates and riffles displaying greater transport than pools. Regression analysis confirms the significant influence of river velocity and bed slope on transport rates, emphasizing the importance of hydraulic factors in sediment transport processes. The output from HEC-RAS revealed the highest sediment concentration in this valley during the late summer months directly aligning with the higher flow in these seasons. During these years, critical bed changes in some of the cross-sections were also observed. RS 12521 has witnessed the highest deposition rate of about 2.5 meters and similarly, RS 7006 has witnessed the highest erosion rate of about 2.3 meters. Likewise, the profile plot of the river reveals a series of erosion and deposition processes during this time window, affecting the riverbed and consequently channel morphology.
Co-Authors Dorji, Nedup Tenzin, Sangay Wangmo, Sonam