<![CDATA[Purpose: This research aims to critically examine the complexities and multidimensionality inherent in migration, emphasizing its significance beyond mere spatial relocation. The study addresses the persistent nature of migration as a global concern, particularly focusing on the lack of a unified and comprehensive migration policy. Design/Methodology/Approach: The methodology employed in this research provides a basis for evaluating the overall validity and reliability. It offers insights into the data collection and analysis processes, as well as the rationale behind conducting the study. The author utilizes a critical approach to assess the framing of migration and refugee issues, acknowledging the absence of standardization in this regard. Findings: The analysis reveals variations in the acceptance and integration of migrants and refugees into host societies, particularly in Europe. The study highlights the emergence of political identities associated with factors such as color, language, religion, culture, ethnic identity, and race, contributing to xenophobia, othering, and Islamophobia. Additionally, the research delves into the double standards exhibited by European states toward Muslim and Christian immigrants and refugees, exploring key axes influencing these disparities. Research Limitations/Implications: The study recognizes the limitations in its scope, particularly regarding the specific focus on European policies. The implications extend to the broader discourse on migration, emphasizing the need for a more comprehensive and standardized approach in framing and addressing migration and refugee issues globally. Originality/Value: This research contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on the double standards rooted in racial and religious discrimination within European policies on migrants and refugees. It addresses a crucial research gap in understanding the political identities associated with migration, especially in the context of events like the Ukraine crisis.]]>
