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Effectiveness of Laws Related to Medical Negligence in Bangladesh Hossain, Mohammad
Lex Publica Vol. 9 No. 2 (2022)
Publisher : APPTHI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (257.161 KB) | DOI: 10.58829/lp.9.2.2022.29-48

Abstract

Abstract Medical negligence is a violation of the rights to health and life perpetrated by members of the medical professional group entrusted with preserving those rights. Because of increased issues related to medical negligence, numerous countries have introduced new legislation and established independent courts to enhance their healthcare laws. Sadly, medical negligence and malpractice are an issue in Bangladesh in the lack of elaborate or specific rules. In Bangladesh, many laws include numerous legal obligations for health professionals but are not adequately established. As a result, medical negligence and malpractice are causing substantial social consequences that neither the government nor the society expected or condoned. Given the problems and consequences, the goal of this study is to provide a depth elaboration of medical negligence, analyse the laws that currently exist in Bangladesh regarding medical negligence and identify the significant weaknesses in those laws, and, finally, make some recommendations for how Bangladesh can take practical steps toward preventing violations of patients’ rights to health care. Abstrak Kelalaian medis adalah pelanggaran terhadap hak atas kesehatan dan kehidupan yang dilakukan oleh anggota kelompok profesi medis yang dipercayakan untuk menjaga hak-hak tersebut. Karena meningkatnya masalah terkait kelalaian medis, banyak negara telah memperkenalkan undang-undang baru dan membentuk pengadilan independen untuk meningkatkan undang-undang perawatan kesehatan mereka. Sayangnya, kelalaian medis dan malpraktik menjadi masalah di Bangladesh karena kurangnya aturan yang rumit atau spesifik. Di Bangladesh, banyak undang-undang memasukkan banyak kewajiban hukum bagi profesional kesehatan tetapi tidak ditetapkan secara memadai. Akibatnya, kelalaian medis dan malpraktik menyebabkan konsekuensi sosial yang substansial yang tidak diharapkan atau dimaafkan oleh pemerintah maupun masyarakat. Mengingat masalah dan konsekuensinya, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan penjelasan mendalam tentang kelalaian medis, menganalisis undang-undang yang saat ini ada di Bangladesh mengenai kelalaian medis dan mengidentifikasi kelemahan signifikan dalam undang-undang tersebut, dan, akhirnya, membuat beberapa rekomendasi untuk bagaimana Bangladesh dapat mengambil langkah praktis untuk mencegah pelanggaran hak pasien atas perawatan kesehatan.
Foreign Ownership Control and the Bilateral Investment Treaties in South Asian Countries Hossain, Mohammad; Mohammed, Haitham
Lex Publica Vol. 10 No. 1 (2023)
Publisher : APPTHI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58829/lp.10.1.2023.101-122

Abstract

Abstract. In absence of any global treaty, the Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) are playing an important role of regulating foreign investments in the host countries. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, there are 2361 bilateral investment treaties are in force and like other members of the World Trade Organization Bangladesh also signed bilateral investment treaties to facilitate trade. The primary purpose of economic globalization is the economic development of the developing and least-developed countries as well as to facilitate benefits of the home states. Bangladesh foreign investment laws and bilateral investment treaties mainly protects foreign investors, however, neither of them has any specific provision of controlling foreign ownership. This paper addresses two questions: (a) Do the bilateral investment treaties of Bangladesh allow the host state to control foreign ownership? (b) Should the foreign ownership be controlled during the entry of foreign direct investment in Bangladesh? Using doctrinal research method, we critically analyzed 15 bilateral investment treaties to explore whether there is any reference of controlling foreign ownership in Bangladesh. We find that the existing Bangladesh bilateral investment treaties has provisions to promote and protect foreign investments but has no reference of controlling foreign ownership, therefore, the government of Bangladesh should consider this important factor while signing any future bilateral investment treaties. Abstrak. Dalam ketiadaan perjanjian global tertentu, Perjanjian Investasi Bilateral memainkan peran penting dalam mengatur investasi asing di negara tuan rumah. Menurut Konferensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Perdagangan dan Pembangunan, saat ini terdapat 2361 perjanjian investasi bilateral yang berlaku, dan seperti anggota lain Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia, Bangladesh juga telah menandatangani perjanjian investasi bilateral untuk memfasilitasi perdagangan. Tujuan utama dari globalisasi ekonomi adalah pengembangan ekonomi bagi negara-negara berkembang dan yang paling kurang berkembang serta memfasilitasi manfaat bagi negara asal. Hukum investasi asing dan perjanjian investasi bilateral Bangladesh pada dasarnya melindungi investor asing, namun keduanya tidak memiliki ketentuan khusus untuk mengendalikan kepemilikan asing. Makalah ini mengangkat dua pertanyaan: (a) Apakah perjanjian investasi bilateral Bangladesh memungkinkan negara tuan rumah mengendalikan kepemilikan asing? (b) Haruskah kepemilikan asing dikendalikan selama masuknya investasi langsung asing di Bangladesh? Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal, kami secara kritis menganalisis 15 perjanjian investasi bilateral untuk mengeksplorasi apakah terdapat referensi pengendalian kepemilikan asing di Bangladesh. Kami menemukan bahwa perjanjian investasi bilateral Bangladesh yang ada memiliki ketentuan untuk mempromosikan dan melindungi investasi asing tetapi tidak memiliki referensi pengendalian kepemilikan asing. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah Bangladesh sebaiknya mempertimbangkan faktor penting ini saat menandatangani perjanjian investasi bilateral di masa depan. Kata kunci: Perjanjian investasi bilateral, Pengendalian kepemilikan asing, Investasi langsung asing, Perlindungan hukum, Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia
Ensuring Cybersecurity and Resilience in Solar Smart Grids: Challenges and Solutions Hossain, Mohammad; Mahjabeen, Farhana
Journal of Electrical Engineering Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): April
Publisher : Indonesian Journal Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47134/jte.v2i1.3877

Abstract

Solar power integration with smart grids has made modern energy systems more efficient and sustainable and increased operational flexibility. The technological benefits of solar smart grids are matched by parallel security issues that need solutions for proper solar smart grid operation. The three main cybersecurity hazards, namely data breaches, denial-of-service attacks, and ransomware, create critical risks that compromise the stability of power grids, consumer privacy, and fundamental infrastructure protection. Solar smart grids need strong resilience against security threats from both cyber and physical sources because their future stability depends on this capability during expanding decentralized energy resource integration. The present work examines major cybersecurity issues that solar smart grids encounter. It investigates methods for solutions through advanced encryption techniques combined with intrusion detection systems and strong communication protocol implementation. To improve security, the paper stresses that distributed control systems and real-time monitoring offer resilience strategies that reduce grid risks. Solar smart grids will maintain their capacity to deliver dependable, sustainable energy through the solutions to these risks.