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Corporate Criminal Liability for Illegal Toxic and Hazardous Waste Dumping Chandra, Tofik; Sobirov, Bobur
Lex Publica Vol. 10 No. 1 (2023)
Publisher : APPTHI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58829/lp.10.1.2023.123-140

Abstract

Abstract. Modern corporations and industries play a crucial role in global economic development. However, with rapid industrial growth, large-scale production, and intensive use of natural resources, humans have inadvertently created serious threats to the environmental balance. One of the most significant and damaging negative impacts is environmental pollution, specifically the problem of toxic hazardous material waste. The protection of communities from environmental crimes involves imposing criminal sanctions not only on individual legal subjects but also on corporate legal entities, a concept known as corporate criminal liability. The aim of this research is to analyze the manifestation of corporate criminal liability in cases involving the illegal disposal of hazardous toxic waste into the environment. Additionally, it seeks to examine the enforcement of corporate law in these instances. This research employs qualitative methods with a normative juridical approach. The legal sources used in this normative research include primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The findings of this research suggest that the handling of corporate criminal acts, particularly in cases of hazardous toxic waste dumping, falls short of delivering complete justice due to obstacles in the investigation, prosecution, and the establishment of environmental impacts in the prosecution of corporate environmental crimes. Therefore, it is essential to consider the application of the doctrine of strict liability in cases of environmental pollution, especially in waste dumping incidents. The implementation of strict liability for corporations in the prosecution of environmental criminal acts, such as the dumping of toxic hazardous waste, eliminates the need to prove wrongdoing, whether intentional or negligent, including the motive behind the corporation’s actions. Keywords: Law, Corporation, Dumping, Waste, Toxic Hazardous Materials, Environment Abstrak. Perusahaan dan industri modern memainkan peran penting dalam pembangunan ekonomi global. Namun, dengan pertumbuhan industri yang pesat, produksi skala besar, dan penggunaan sumber daya alam yang intensif, manusia secara tidak sengaja telah menimbulkan ancaman serius terhadap keseimbangan lingkungan. Salah satu dampak negatif yang paling besar dan merusak adalah pencemaran lingkungan, khususnya masalah limbah bahan beracun dan berbahaya. Perlindungan masyarakat dari kejahatan lingkungan hidup meliputi pemberian sanksi pidana tidak hanya terhadap subjek hukum perseorangan tetapi juga terhadap badan hukum korporasi, suatu konsep yang dikenal dengan pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis wujud pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi dalam kasus pembuangan limbah bahan beracun berbahaya ke lingkungan secara tidak sah. Selain itu, penelitian ini berupaya untuk memeriksa penegakan hukum perusahaan dalam kasus-kasus ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif. Sumber hukum yang digunakan dalam penelitian normatif ini meliputi bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, dan bahan hukum tersier. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penanganan tindak pidana korporasi, khususnya kasus pembuangan limbah B3, belum memberikan keadilan yang utuh karena adanya kendala dalam penyidikan, penuntutan, dan penetapan dampak lingkungan hidup dalam penuntutan tindak pidana korporasi. kejahatan. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk mempertimbangkan penerapan doktrin pertanggungjawaban ketat dalam kasus pencemaran lingkungan, khususnya pada insiden pembuangan limbah. Penerapan tanggung jawab yang ketat bagi korporasi dalam penuntutan tindak pidana lingkungan hidup, seperti pembuangan limbah beracun dan berbahaya, menghilangkan kebutuhan untuk membuktikan kesalahan, baik disengaja maupun lalai, termasuk motif di balik tindakan korporasi. Kata kunci: Hukum, Korporasi, Dumping, Limbah, Bahan Beracun Berbahaya, Lingkungan Hidup
Enforcing Legal Measures against Illegal Fishing by Foreign Fishermen in Territorial Waters: Challenges and Solutions Chandra, Tofik; Park, Ji Hyun
Lex Publica Vol. 10 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : APPTHI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58829/lp.10.2.2023.205

Abstract

Abstract. Illegal fishing is the unauthorized or unofficial act of capturing fish. This activity is carried out illegally by foreign fishermen. The illegal fishing of fish has caused financial losses to the country, driven by the increasing global demand for fish and other seafood. Law enforcement at sea plays a crucial role in upholding the credibility and sovereignty of the state. The objectives of this research are to analyze the forms of punishment given to perpetrators of illegal fishing crimes by foreign fishermen and to analyze law enforcement against foreign fishermen in Indonesian waters. This research uses a qualitative research method with a normative juridical approach. Legal materials used are obtained through legal research or a literature review of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results of this study conclude that the form of punishment for the crime of illegal fishing is regulated in Law No. 45 of 2009 concerning Fisheries, where the punishment is a fine without the option of imprisonment as an alternative if the fine is not paid. However, there are challenges in enforcing the law against foreign nationals involved in illegal fishing if Indonesia does not have an extradition agreement with the home country of those foreign nationals. This means that when a foreign national becomes a suspect, Indonesia does not have the authority to detain them, including for the purposes of investigation. To overcome this challenge, law enforcement against foreign fishermen engaged in illegal fishing in Indonesian waters involves coordination efforts between various agencies and institutions. In addition, cooperation between countries related to fishing activities needs to be established so that in the event of a crime committed by foreign fishermen, the government can impose imprisonment because there is a cooperation agreement with the foreign fishermen’s home country. Abstrak. Penangkapan ikan ilegal adalah tindakan penangkapan ikan yang tidak sah atau tidak resmi. Kegiatan ini dilakukan secara ilegal oleh nelayan asing. Penangkapan ikan secara ilegal telah menimbulkan kerugian finansial bagi negara, didorong oleh meningkatnya permintaan global terhadap ikan dan makanan laut lainnya. Penegakan hukum di laut berperan penting dalam menegakkan kredibilitas dan kedaulatan negara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis bentuk-bentuk hukuman yang diberikan kepada pelaku kejahatan illegal fishing yang dilakukan nelayan asing dan menganalisis penegakan hukum terhadap nelayan asing di perairan Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif. Bahan hukum yang digunakan diperoleh melalui penelitian hukum atau kajian pustaka terhadap bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa bentuk hukuman terhadap tindak pidana illegal fishing diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 45 Tahun 2009 tentang Perikanan, dimana hukumannya berupa denda tanpa adanya pilihan hukuman penjara sebagai alternatif apabila denda tersebut tidak dibayarkan. Namun demikian, terdapat tantangan dalam penegakan hukum terhadap warga negara asing yang terlibat dalam penangkapan ikan ilegal jika Indonesia tidak memiliki perjanjian ekstradisi dengan negara asal warga negara asing tersebut. Artinya, ketika ada warga negara asing yang menjadi tersangka, Indonesia tidak mempunyai kewenangan untuk menahannya, termasuk untuk kepentingan penyidikan. Untuk mengatasi tantangan tersebut, penegakan hukum terhadap nelayan asing yang melakukan penangkapan ikan ilegal di perairan Indonesia melibatkan upaya koordinasi antar berbagai instansi dan lembaga. Selain itu, kerjasama antar negara yang berkaitan dengan kegiatan penangkapan ikan perlu terjalin sehingga apabila terjadi tindak pidana yang dilakukan oleh nelayan asing, maka pemerintah dapat menjatuhkan pidana penjara karena ada perjanjian kerjasama dengan negara asal nelayan asing tersebut. Kata kunci: Penegakan hukum, Kejahatan, Penangkapan ikan ilegal, Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif
Law Enforcement Against Criminal Acts of Subsidized Liquefied Petroleum Gas Abuse in Indonesia Chandra, Tofik
Research Horizon Vol. 3 No. 4 (2023)
Publisher : LifeSciFi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54518/rh.3.4.2023.150

Abstract

Income generated from the oil and gas industry plays a pivotal role in national development. This research adopts a deductive approach, incorporating both the Statute Approach and the Case Approach. The primary objective of this study is to examine the legal aspects of enforcing regulations related to the misuse of subsidized Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) in Jakarta. In response to the significant public demand for oil and natural gas, the government has implemented measures to replace Kerosene with LPG, aiming to reduce fuel subsidies and ease the financial burden on the state. This research is rooted in the Law Enforcement Theory and Punishment Theory, employing a normative juridical approach supplemented by empirical data. The findings reveal that instances of criminal misuse of subsidized LPG gas often involve willing perpetrators without coercion. Consequently, legal consequences are administered in accordance with Article 55 of the Oil and Gas Law and Article 113 of the Trade Law. In a societal context, these actions have adverse consequences, particularly affecting disadvantaged individuals and small-scale businesses, potentially limiting their access to government-regulated subsidized 3-kilogram LPG gas. Therefore, the enforcement of criminal law is deemed an essential measure to address this social issue and ensure compliant distribution of subsidized LPG gas in accordance with prevailing regulations..
Legal Certainty of Sale and Purchase Binding Agreements as the Basis for the Transfer of Certified Land Rights Chandra, Tofik
Research Horizon Vol. 2 No. 6 (2022)
Publisher : LifeSciFi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54518/rh.2.6.2022.156

Abstract

In essence, a binding sale and purchase agreement represents a commitment or promise between the seller and buyer prior to the actual transaction. Such agreements typically involve certain conditions or promises that must be fulfilled by one or both parties before the main transaction, i.e., the sale and purchase, can take place. This study explores the legal implications of privately made binding sale and purchase agreements in the transfer of certified land rights. It delves into the legal consequences of these agreements, which, while legally binding, can result in adverse outcomes if either party engages in unethical practices or fraudulent behavior during private land transactions. The involvement of the land deed official (Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah or PPAT), a government-appointed official, is crucial to ensure the integrity of the land transfer process. Furthermore, this research addresses the legal certainty of binding sale and purchase agreements made under the hands as a means of transferring certified land rights. It emphasizes that the legal certainty of land transfers through buying and selling is contingent on compliance with PP No. 24 of 1997, which mandates that land transactions can only occur with proof of legal ownership based on the seller's documented land rights.
The Role of Integrated Assessment Teams in Narcotic Abuse Rehabilitation Chandra, Tofik
Research Horizon Vol. 1 No. 6 (2021)
Publisher : LifeSciFi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54518/rh.1.6.2021.157

Abstract

Legal issues in terms of the development of criminal law on the role of assessment by the National Narcotics Agency in settling cases. The assessment process occupies an important position to determine whether narcotics abusers can carry out medical and social rehabilitation. This research delves into the pivotal role played by integrated assessment teams in determining the rehabilitation process for individuals struggling with narcotics abuse. Through the lens of normative legal research and qualitative analysis, this study underscores the equitable treatment that integrated assessments afford to suspected narcotics abusers, ultimately facilitating early rehabilitation placements. The research findings serve as a compass for law enforcement agencies in making informed decisions regarding whether an individual should undergo rehabilitation or be placed in detention, contingent upon their involvement in narcotics-related activities. To bolster this process, the study recommends the implementation of more stringent regulations, making it mandatory for all law enforcement officers to adhere to the integrated assessment procedure. This emphasis on procedural consistency aims to prioritize justice and legal equity for individuals impacted by narcotics abuse within the legal framework