Zaid, Nurlaila
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Analisis Dinamik Model Predator-Prey dengan Struktur Usia dan Perilaku Anti-Predator Al Idrus, Ainun Sukmawati; Abd. Gani, Ayub Prianto; Zaid, Nurlaila
Research in the Mathematical and Natural Sciences Vol. 1 No. 2 (2022): May-October 2022
Publisher : Scimadly Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (303.085 KB) | DOI: 10.55657/rmns.v1i2.63

Abstract

This article discusses the Predator-prey Holling type II model involving age structure and anti-predator behaviour. The age structure is given to the predator population, which is divided into two, namely juvenile predators and adult predators, while in the prey population, there is anti-predator behaviour, namely the tendency to defend against predator attacks. The model analysis includes the determination of a fixed point, analysis of the stability of the fixed point and numerical simulation. Three fixed points were obtained, namely the fixed point of population extinction (), the fixed point of predator extinction and the fixed point of population existence. Stability analysis shows that is always a saddle while and are conditionally stable. Furthermore, it is shown that the two conditions are both stable nodes. At the end, a simulation shows that the population dynamics that occur are highly dependent on the initial conditions of the population and the value of the anti-predator behaviour parameter of the prey population.
PERBANDINGAN MODEL BINOMIAL DAN BLACK-SCHOLES TERHADAP PENENTUAN HARGA OPSI PUT DAN CALL TIPE BARRIER (STUDI KASUS DATA SAHAM PT GUDANG GARAM) Zaid, Nurlaila
CENDEKIA: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Pengembangan Pendidikan dan Penelitian Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51878/cendekia.v6i2.9306

Abstract

This study aims to compare the pricing of barrier call and put options using the Binomial model and the Black–Scholes model, with PT Gudang Garam Tbk (GGRM) stock as a case study. Barrier options are classified as exotic options with path-dependent characteristics, where the option’s validity depends on whether the underlying asset price reaches a specified barrier level during the contract period. The data consist of daily closing prices of GGRM stock obtained from Yahoo Finance. The analysis includes calculating log returns, estimating annual volatility, and testing data normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Option prices are then computed using both models based on the estimated parameters. The results indicate notable differences in option values produced by the two models, particularly for options near the barrier level. The Binomial model demonstrates greater flexibility in explicitly handling barrier conditions, while the Black–Scholes model provides efficient estimates under ideal market assumptions. Therefore, the choice of option pricing model should consider the characteristics of the option contract and the required level of accuracy. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan penentuan harga opsi barrier tipe call dan put menggunakan model Binomial dan model Black–Scholes dengan studi kasus saham PT Gudang Garam Tbk (GGRM). Opsi barrier merupakan jenis opsi eksotik yang bersifat path-dependent, di mana keberlakuan kontrak dipengaruhi oleh tercapainya tingkat harga tertentu selama masa hidup opsi. Data yang digunakan berupa harga penutupan harian saham GGRM yang diperoleh dari Yahoo Finance. Tahapan analisis meliputi perhitungan log return, estimasi volatilitas tahunan, serta pengujian kenormalan data menggunakan uji Shapiro–Wilk. Selanjutnya, harga opsi dihitung menggunakan model Black–Scholes dan model Binomial berdasarkan parameter yang telah diestimasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan nilai opsi yang dihasilkan oleh kedua model, terutama pada opsi yang berada di sekitar tingkat barrier. Model Binomial menunjukkan fleksibilitas yang lebih baik dalam menangani kondisi barrier secara eksplisit, sedangkan model Black–Scholes memberikan estimasi yang efisien dengan asumsi pasar ideal. Dengan demikian, pemilihan model penentuan harga opsi perlu disesuaikan dengan karakteristik instrumen dan tingkat presisi yang dibutuhkan.