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Karuppayah, Shankar
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Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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Proposed fog computing-enabled conceptual model for semantic interoperability in internet of things Nagasundaram, Devamekalai; Manickam, Selvakumar; Laghari, Shams Ul Arfeen; Karuppayah, Shankar
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 13, No 2: April 2024
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v13i2.5748

Abstract

Semantic interoperability has emerged as a key barrier amidst the major developments and challenges brought about by the rapid expansion of internet of things (IoT) applications. Establishing interoperability is essential for IoT systems to function optimally, especially across diverse organizations. Despite extensive research in achieving semantic interoperability, dynamic interoperability, a vital facet, remains inadequately addressed. This paper addresses this gap by presenting a fog-based conceptual model designed to facilitate dynamic semantic interoperability in IoT. The model incorporates a single-tier fog layer, providing the necessary processing capabilities to achieve this goal. The study conducts a comprehensive literature review on semantic interoperability, emphasizing latency, bandwidth, total cost, and energy consumption. Results demonstrate the proposed double skin façade (DSF) model’s remarkable 88% improvement in service delay over IoT-SIM and Open IoT, attributed to its efficient load-offloading mechanism and optimized fog layer, offering a 50% reduction in service delay, power consumption, and 86% reduction in network usage compared to existing approaches through data redundancy elimination via pre-processing at the fog layer.
Insights into peer-to-peer botnet dynamics: reviewing emulation testbeds and proposing a conceptual model Parthipan, Mithiiran; Laghari, Shams Ul Arfeen; Jaisan, Ashish; Baig, Amber; Ali, Muhammad Asim; Karuppayah, Shankar
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 14, No 3: June 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v14i3.8654

Abstract

Peer-to-peer (P2P) botnets have emerged as a resilient cybercrime tool, utilizing decentralized architectures to evade detection and complicate takedown efforts. Existing botnet emulation testbeds often fall short in replicating the dynamic and large-scale environments that these botnets operate in, limiting their effectiveness in research and defense strategy development. This paper addresses these gaps by proposing a scalable, flexible emulation testbed for P2P botnets that integrates advanced virtualization and automation technologies. Our framework enables the accurate emulation of real-world botnet behaviors without relying on reverse engineering, offering researchers a secure and adaptable environment to test and validate botnet detection and mitigation strategies. The testbed’s dynamic scalability and robust configuration management streamline experimentation across diverse network topologies and botnet types. Our results show that this approach significantly enhances the ability to study P2P botnets in a controlled, reproducible setting, providing valuable insights for advancing cybersecurity defenses.
Enabling SECS/GEM in legacy equipment: a proof of concept Syahir Kamal Fitri, Muhammad; Manickam, Selvakumar; Ul Arfeen Laghari, Shams; Kok Chia, Siang; Khairi Ishak, Mohamad; Karuppayah, Shankar
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 14, No 5: October 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v14i5.9516

Abstract

The rapid adoption of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) has driven the need for automated machine-to-machine (M2M) communication in manufacturing. However, legacy equipment remains a challenge due to its incompatibility with modern protocols like semiconductor equipment and materials international (SEMI) equipment communication standard/generic equipment model (SECS/GEM). Replacing these machines is costly, making retrofitting a more viable solution. This paper proposes a modular automation software framework that enables SECS/GEM integration for legacy machines without extensive hardware modifications. The system is implemented using Raspberry Pi and Arduino, acting as an intermediary between legacy equipment and modern factory networks. The framework facilitates real-time data exchange, remote monitoring, and enhanced automation while ensuring scalability and cost-effectiveness. Experimental evaluation demonstrates improved interoperability and reduced manual intervention. This solution provides a practical and adaptable approach to integrating legacy systems into (I4.0) environments.
Co-Authors Ali, Muhammad Asim Baig, Amber Jaisan, Ashish Khairi Ishak, Mohamad Kok Chia, Siang Laghari, Shams Ul Arfeen Manickam, Selvakumar Nagasundaram, Devamekalai Parthipan, Mithiiran Syahir Kamal Fitri, Muhammad Ul Arfeen Laghari, Shams