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Why have Indonesian murderers not paid victims' heirs? Nurcahyo, Nanang; Manitra, Ramalina Ranaivo Mikea
Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice Vol. 1 No. 2 (2023): Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice
Publisher : CV. Ius et Ambientis

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62264/jlej.v1i2.13

The crime of murder results in material and non-material losses for the victims who experience it. The families of victims murder crimes or the heirs are the ones who suffer the most losses following a murder incident that claims the lives of family members or loved ones. Criminal law in Indonesia still does not really prioritize punishment in the form of compensation, so that if heirs want to get compensation they have to submit an application or go through a separate route, this results in the value of substantial justice in criminal law not being upheld, this is proven by the lack of obligations. Compensation in the form of restitution that is mandatory for perpetrators of crimes. To respond it, a new way of upholding substantial justice is needed. By using doctrinal research methods, pre-existing legal sources related to the research theme are searched for. The research results show that several efforts are needed to uphold substantial justice in criminal law, namely the re-actualization of criminal law and the provision of a special forum for heirs to demand compensation directly. In this way, substantial justice can be upheld in criminal law and without going through requests or independent efforts

ANALISIS STANDAR PENERBANGAN DI INDONESIA BERDASARKAN HUKUM UDARA INTERNASIONAL Kusumadewi, Puan Maharani; Roisah, Kholis; Prabandari, Adya Paramita; Manitra, Ramalina Ranaivo Mikea
Masalah-Masalah Hukum Vol 52, No 3 (2023): MASALAH-MASALAH HUKUM
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/mmh.52.3.2023.262-271

Kesalahan manusia dapat menyebabkan kecelakaan penerbangan. Oleh karena itu, manajemen suatu negara harus memiliki sistem yang terpercaya untuk memastikan penerbangan yang aman dan nyaman. Penelitian ini mengkaji persyaratan keselamatan dan keamanan penerbangan Indonesia serta implementasinya dibandingkan dengan hukum dan peraturan penerbangan internasional. Penelitian ini menganalisis data menggunakan penelitian doktrinal. Studi ini menemukan bahwa Indonesia menerapkan monisme dengan doktrin inkorporasi dan dualisme dengan doktrin transformasi. Indikator keselamatan penerbangan dan indikator keamanan penerbangan menunjukkan implikasinya. Menurut penelitian ini, semua pihak harus memiliki kesadaran hukum untuk mematuhi semua hukum dan peraturan yang ada. Kampanye budaya keselamatan penerbangan secara nasional juga diperlukan. Gerakan ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan ketenangan kepada penumpang pesawat.

Constitutional Fragility and Dual Nationality Disputes: Legal Implications of Madagascar 2023 Presidential Election Manitra, Ramalina Ranaivo Mikea
Constitution Journal Vol. 4 No. 1 (2025): Constitution Journal June 2025
Publisher : UIN Kiai Haji Ahmad Sidiq Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35719/constitution.v4i1.132

The 2023 presidential election in Madagascar raised serious constitutional and legal questions surrounding the eligibility of incumbent President Andry Rajoelina, who was revealed to have acquired French nationality in 2014. This fact, under the Malagasy Code of Nationality, automatically triggers the loss of his Malagasy citizenship—an essential constitutional requirement for presidential candidacy. Despite legal provisions and widespread objections from civil society and opposition coalitions, the High Constitutional Court (HCC) dismissed all challenges and upheld his candidacy. This paper identifies a gap in existing constitutional law literature in Madagascar, which has not sufficiently addressed the legal implications of nationality loss in the context of presidential eligibility. The paper aims to examine how key legal institutions, particularly the HCC and the electoral commission (CENI), responded to this controversy and what their actions reveal about judicial independence and constitutional compliance. Using a doctrinal approach grounded in positivist and originalist lenses, complemented by judicial independence and democratic legitimacy lenses, this study analyses relevant constitutional provisions, court decisions, and political developments. It argues that the HCC’s refusal to substantively address the nationality issue reflects broader institutional weaknesses and signals a worrying trend of legal uncertainty. The findings highlight the need for reform to restore public trust, ensure electoral integrity, and safeguard constitutionalism in Madagascar.

INDONESIAN CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES AGAINST DISCRIMINATORY TREATMENT: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY Manitra, Ramalina Ranaivo Mikea; Prabandari, Adya Paramita
Diponegoro Law Review Vol 9, No 2 (2024): Diponegoro Law Review October 2024
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/dilrev.9.2.2024.332-352

The right to be free and protected from discriminatory treatment is universal. Such right is incorporated into the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This paper examines the perception of international students (30 respondents) in Indonesia regarding the discriminatory treatment they have experienced and the effort of the Indonesian Government to address such issue in educational institutions. The study focuses on the operation of positive law, particularly Article 28I Paragraph (2) and Paragraph (4) of the 1945 Constitution. The method used was empirical legal research, combined with statutory and sociological approaches, utilizing primary data (from questionnaires) and secondary data. The analysis of questionnaire output reveals a concerning reality of discriminatory treatment in various forms experienced by the respondents. A significant percentage of them experience discriminatory treatment and perceive a lack of effective measures to address and prevent such discrimination in educational institutions. Recommendations are made to bridge the gap between constitutional guarantees and the actual experiences of international students: Indonesian government should strengthen the implementation of anti-discrimination laws, foster inclusive environments in educational institutions, and enhance government efforts through better monitoring, complaint systems, and legal remedies for victims, in alignment with constitutional guarantee.

Need of A Global Aviation Standard Compliance? Air Passenger Rights in Indonesia and Madagascar Prabandari, Adya Paramita; Manitra, Ramalina Ranaivo Mikea
Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM Vol. 32 No. 1: JANUARI 2025
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/iustum.vol32.iss1.art9

Air passenger right is a crucial aspect of modern aviation law, ensuring the protection of passengers and promoting accountability among air carriers. This research examines the legal framework governing air passenger rights in Indonesia and Madagascar, comparing them to international standards such as the Montreal Convention of 1999 and Core Principles on Consumer Protections of ICAO and IATA. The research method is comparative law method, complemented with normative and conceptual approaches, using secondary data analysed qualitatively to obtain a deductive analysis. While both countries have regulations protecting passenger interests and outlining carrier obligations, Indonesia demonstrates stronger compliance, particularly in compensation provisions and enforcement mechanisms, whereas Madagascar lacks fixed compensation rules and explicit protections for passengers with disabilities. Through a detailed analysis of relevant laws and regulations, this research highlights where national laws fall short of global norms, emphasising the need for greater alignment with international standards to ensure consistency and accountability in air travel. Recommendations include revising Madagascar’s legal framework to introduce fixed compensation rules, establish clear complaint-handling procedures, and incorporate explicit protections for passengers with disabilities. For both countries, strengthening enforcement mechanisms and adopting mandatory insurance requirements would improve passenger protection, legal certainty, and alignment with international standards.Keywords: Air Passenger Rights, Indonesia, International Air Law, Madagascar AbstrakHak penumpang pesawat merupakan aspek penting dari hukum penerbangan kontemporer, yang menjamin perlindungan penumpang dan mendorong akuntabilitas maskapai penerbangan. Penelitian ini mengkaji kerangka hukum nasional yang mengatur hak penumpang pesawat yang berlaku di Indonesia dan Madagaskar, dan membandingkannya dengan standar internasional seperti Konvensi Montreal tahun 1999 dan Prinsip Utama tentang Perlindungan Konsumen ICAO dan IATA. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode hukum komparatif, dilengkapi dengan pendekatan normatif dan konseptual, menggunakan data sekunder yang dianalisis secara kualitatif untuk memperoleh analisis deduktif. Meskipun kedua negara memiliki peraturan yang melindungi kepentingan penumpang dan menguraikan kewajiban maskapai, Indonesia di satu sisi, menunjukkan kepatuhan yang lebih kuat, khususnya dalam ketentuan kompensasi dan mekanisme penegakan hukum; sedangkan Madagaskar di sisi lain tidak memiliki aturan kompensasi tetap dan perlindungan eksplisit bagi penumpang penyandang disabilitas. Melalui analisis terperinci terhadap undang-undang dan peraturan yang relevan, penelitian ini menyoroti di mana undang-undang nasional tidak memenuhi norma global, yang menekankan perlunya penyelarasan yang lebih baik dengan standar internasional untuk memastikan konsistensi dan akuntabilitas dalam perjalanan udara. Rekomendasi yang diberikan meliputi revisi kerangka hukum Madagaskar untuk memperkenalkan aturan kompensasi tetap, menetapkan prosedur penanganan pengaduan yang jelas, dan memasukkan perlindungan eksplisit bagi penumpang penyandang disabilitas. Bagi kedua negara, penguatan mekanisme penegakan hukum dan penerapan persyaratan asuransi wajib akan meningkatkan perlindungan penumpang, kepastian hukum, dan keselarasan dengan standar internasional.Kata Kunci: Hak Penumpang Udara, Indonesia, Hukum Udara Internasional, Madagaskar

“Am I Being Silenced by a Machine?” AI-Driven Content Moderation and The Chilling Effect on Freedom of Expression Manitra, Ramalina Ranaivo Mikea
Alauddin Law Development Journal (ALDEV) Vol 7 No 2 (2025): The Development of Law Enforcement in the Artificial Intelligence Era
Publisher : Department of Law, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24252/aldev.v7i2.57618

As artificial intelligence increasingly governs online content moderation, concerns have mounted over its implications for freedom of expression and democratic participation. This paper aims to examine the legal and human rights challenges posed by AI-driven content filtering, with a focus on the emergence of chilling effects and unequal impacts across user groups. Using legal doctrinal analysis, this study interrogates how algorithmic moderation models operate and how they align—or fail to align—with international human rights norms. The findings reveal that AI systems frequently suppress lawful speech, especially from marginalised communities, due to biased training data and opaque decision-making processes. Furthermore, existing regulatory responses remain fragmented, lacking the transparency, accountability, and normative clarity required to uphold free expression. Drawing from recent UN reports and resolutions, the paper highlights growing international critiques and supports calls for human rights-based governance to ensure AI fosters an inclusive, rights-respecting digital age.

Buried Childhoods: Uncovering Illicit Child Labour in Madagascar’s Mica Mines Manitra, Ramalina Ranaivo Mikea; Andriamiandrisoa Hoby Nasandratra; Andrianjafimalala Harifia Domoinaniaina Claudia Valerine; Lanja Manohisoa Epifaniah
Business and Human Rights Law & Policy Vol. 1 No. 2 (2025): Business and Human Rights Law & Policy - August
Publisher : Center for Law and Responsible Business Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Around the world, child labour in the mining sector remains a grave human rights issue, disproportionately affecting impoverished communities in resource-rich yet economically marginalised regions. Madagascar is no exception, where thousands of children are engaged in hazardous mica mining under exploitative and unsafe conditions. This paper aims to critically examine the systemic use of child labour in Madagascar’s mica industry by analysing the findings of the NBC News documentary “Children Labor for Pennies Mining Mica in Madagascar” against the backdrop of relevant national and international legal frameworks. Employing a socio-legal method, the study assesses legal norms, policy instruments, and their implementation gaps to understand how legal obligations fail to translate into meaningful protections for children. The findings reveal widespread breaches of labour, mining, and child protection laws, including violations of the right to education, the prohibition of hazardous child labour, and the duty of state oversight. Despite the existence of robust legal provisions in the Labour Code, Child Protection Law, Mining Code, and Mining Permit Law, enforcement remains weak, particularly in informal and artisanal mining zones. Drawing from comparative policy experiences in countries like the United Kingdom, Burkina Faso, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, this paper recommends the adoption of binding corporate due diligence, formalisation of artisanal mining, and the establishment of cross-sectoral enforcement mechanisms to ensure that children are protected from exploitation across the mining value chain.

Vanishing Universal Norms? Rethinking Erga Omnes in International Humanitarian Law Principles Manitra, Ramalina Ranaivo Mikea; Bourdeau, Callista Putri; Kylatifa Ghaniya Aristi; Muhammad Hazel Nailah Akbar
Brawijaya Law Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2025): The Evolution of International Humanitarian Law : Historical Roots to Future D
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.blj.2025.012.02.04

International humanitarian law (IHL) is grounded on principles intended to apply universally in situations of armed conflict. Yet, the persistence of widespread violations in recent conflicts raises questions about the practical effectiveness of these legal norms. This paper investigates whether the erga omnes character of IHL principles still holds meaningful legal force or is increasingly relegated to symbolic rhetoric. Employing a doctrinal legal method, it explores the legal foundation and evolution of erga omnes, their intersection with IHL, and their invocation in contemporary conflict contexts. The analysis finds that while obligations erga omnes reflect a shared international commitment, their enforcement remains inconsistent and often influenced by political considerations. The study also observes that appeals to universality can serve as moral and legal pressure points—particularly important in influencing decision-makers who shape global responses to humanitarian crises. The paper concludes that without strengthened mechanisms for accountability, the obligations erga omnes in IHL principles risk being reduced to aspirational language rather than enforceable law.

Freedom of Expression as a Constitutional Right in Indonesia and Madagascar Manitra, Ramalina Ranaivo Mikea; Prabandari, Adya Paramita
Jambura Law Review VOLUME 8 NO. 1 JANUARY 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33756/jlr.v1i1.33898

Freedom of expression is a fundamental human right that must be protected. Indonesia and Madagascar have integrated such right into their constitution. However, they still face challenges in implementing it effectively. This paper is a comparative study between Indonesia and Madagascar regarding the legal framework of the right to freedom of expression. The author uses a legal doctrinal method tailored through comparative analysis with secondary data. The study reveals that while both countries constitutionally and internationally commit to protecting freedom of expression, their lower-level legal frameworks such as Indonesia’s ITE Law, and the New Criminal Code, and Madagascar’s Cybercrime Law introduce limitations that may undermine constitutional guarantees. In practice, violations and restrictions persist in both countries, revealing a gap between legal norms and actual enforcement. Nevertheless, from a normative and institutional perspective, each legal system offers lessons for the other. Indonesia’s institutions such as the Press Council, Kominfo, and the Virtual Police, and Madagascar’s ANRCM, CIRGN, and OJM play crucial roles in monitoring and applying these laws, though improvements remain necessary. Notably, Madagascar’s prohibition of government censorship and decriminalisation of press offences through its constitution provide valuable reform insights for Indonesia, whereas Indonesia`s Law No. 39 of 1999 could serve as a model for Madagascar to strengthen the application of its constitutional protection of freedom of expression.

Is Poverty the Root of All Crime? Rethinking Criminality Amid Institutional Failure in Madagascar Manitra, Ramalina Ranaivo Mikea
Jurnal Kriminologi Indonesia Vol. 1, No. 1
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Madagascar continues to grapple with high levels of poverty and weak institutional capacity, creating conditions conducive to widespread and persistent criminality. This paper aims to examine how structural poverty, institutional failure, and state fragility interact to shape patterns of crime through the lens of criminological theories such as strain theory, social disorganisation, and state-centred criminology. Using a qualitative methodology based on a comprehensive literature review of empirical studies, policy documents, and international reports, the paper explores the socio-economic and institutional dynamics underpinning crime in Madagascar. The findings reveal that poverty-driven crime often arises as a rational response to unmet needs, exacerbated by weak governance, corruption, and fragmented social protections. Moreover, informal criminality in some contexts becomes a semi-legitimate form of survival and social organisation. The study concludes by drawing on successful poverty alleviation, social welfare, and governance models from other countries to propose tailored, integrated strategies for Madagascar aimed at reducing crime through comprehensive socio-economic and institutional reforms.

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