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All Journal Heca Journal of Applied Sciences Malacca Pharmaceutics Grimsa Journal of Science Engineering and Technology
Turalaki, Grace Lendawati Amelia
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Earth & Planetary Sciences Engineering Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Physics

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Network Pharmacology Insights into Broccoli Microgreens for Prostate Cancer Wijaya, Puspita; Tallei, Trina Ekawati; Tendean, Lydia Estelina Naomi; Fatimawali, Fatimawali; Turalaki, Grace Lendawati Amelia; Purwanto, Diana Shintawati
Heca Journal of Applied Sciences Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): March 2025
Publisher : Heca Sentra Analitika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.60084/hjas.v3i1.264

Abstract

Prostate cancer is a leading malignancy in men, ranking fourth globally and fifth in Indonesia (GLOBOCAN 2020). Conventional therapies, though available, are limited by high costs, side effects, and resistance, highlighting the need for accessible alternatives. Broccoli microgreens, rich in bioactive compounds, have shown potential in preventing and treating various cancers. This study hypothesized that bioactive compounds in broccoli microgreens interact with molecular targets involved in prostate cancer progression. To test this hypothesis, we employed a network pharmacology-based in silico approach to systematically explore these interactions and identify potential therapeutic mechanisms. Bioactive compounds in broccoli microgreens were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and analyzed via the PubChem database. The biological activities of these compounds were predicted using PASS Online, focusing on their capacity to modulate TP53 gene expression. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity evaluations were performed using ADMETLab 3.0 and Protox 3.0 to assess their safety and drug-like properties. Target proteins were identified through SwissTargetPrediction and GeneCards, while protein-protein interaction networks were constructed using STRING. The pharmacological network was visualized using Cytoscape to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of action. The analysis identified 528 relevant target proteins, with key roles attributed to SRC and EGFR, both critical in resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and in regulating processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis resistance, and metastatic potential. Through network pharmacology, bioactive compounds such as kaempferol and polydatin were identified as potential inhibitors of these targets, demonstrating their ability to modulate pathways essential to prostate cancer progression. In conclusion, broccoli microgreens contain bioactive compounds with potential pharmacological relevance for prostate cancer, particularly through their interaction with SRC and EGFR pathways, warranting further experimental validation.
Targeting Prostate Cancer with Rambutan Peel-Derived Compounds via Network Pharmacology Utami, Wulandari Putri; Tallei, Trina Ekawati; Turalaki, Grace Lendawati Amelia; Tendean, Lydia Estelina Naomi; Kaseke, Martha Marie; Purwanto, Diana Shintawati
Malacca Pharmaceutics Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): March 2025
Publisher : Heca Sentra Analitika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.60084/mp.v3i1.262

Abstract

Prostate cancer is a prevalent malignancy in men, originating in the prostate gland and often driven by genetic alterations and hormonal dysregulation. Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) peel, a byproduct of fruit consumption, has demonstrated potential anticancer activity. This study employed a network pharmacology-based in silico approach to evaluate the therapeutic potential of rambutan peel extract in prostate cancer treatment. Bioactive compounds were identified through database searches, and their biological activities were predicted using PASS Online. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles were assessed using ADMETLab 3.0 and Protox 3.0 to evaluate safety and drug-like properties. Potential target proteins were identified via SwissTargetPrediction and GeneCards, while protein-protein interaction networks were constructed using STRING. The pharmacological networks were visualized using Cytoscape to elucidate molecular mechanisms of action. The analysis identified 28 bioactive compounds in rambutan peel extract, with 11 demonstrating activity against prostate cancer (Pa > 0.5). These compounds were deemed safe based on Lipinski's Rule of Five (Ro5) and categorized within toxicity classes V and VI. Rambutan peel extract was found to target 501 proteins associated with prostate cancer, including key pathways involved in resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Network pharmacology analysis highlighted several key target genes, including SRC, GNAI1, PIK3CA, PIK3CD, MAPK1, MAPK3, AKT1, GNAI3, PRKCA, and HSP90AA1. Among these, SRC exhibited the highest centrality score, underscoring its pivotal role in disrupting tumorigenic and metastatic signaling pathways, suppressing cancer cell proliferation, and enhancing therapeutic responses. These findings suggest that rambutan peel extract holds promise as a natural therapeutic agent for prostate cancer, warranting further experimental and clinical validation.
Prostate Cancer Vaccines: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions Runtunuwu, Stefanus Vicky Bernhard Elisa; Tallei, Trina Ekawati; Turalaki, Grace Lendawati Amelia
Heca Journal of Applied Sciences Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): March 2025
Publisher : Heca Sentra Analitika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.60084/hjas.v3i1.263

Abstract

Prostate cancer remains a major contributor to cancer-related deaths in men, with its incidence rising significantly with age. Conventional treatment modalities, including surgery, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy, often face limitations such as treatment resistance, disease recurrence, and considerable side effects. These challenges have sparked growing interest in novel approaches like immunotherapy, which leverages the immune system to combat cancer. Among these, vaccine-based immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy, aiming to generate precise immune responses against tumor-specific antigens. Advances in immunology, molecular targeting, and vaccine development have demonstrated encouraging results in terms of safety and immunogenicity. Nevertheless, obstacles such as tumor heterogeneity, immune escape mechanisms, and limited efficacy in advanced stages of the disease continue to hinder progress. The aim of this review is to examine the current landscape of prostate cancer vaccine development, with a focus on advancements in molecular target identification, optimization of vaccine technologies, and the evaluation of combination therapy strategies. Findings from clinical trials have shed light on both the opportunities and challenges of vaccine-based therapies. Synergistic approaches involving immune checkpoint inhibitors, radiotherapy, and androgen deprivation therapy have shown potential to amplify immune responses and mitigate resistance mechanisms. Additionally, emerging technologies such as bioinformatics and artificial intelligence are revolutionizing vaccine development by enabling the discovery of patient-specific neoantigens and the creation of tailored vaccine formulations. Despite these breakthroughs, achieving consistent therapeutic outcomes remains challenging, particularly in metastatic and castration-resistant cases. Future directions in the field include developing personalized cancer vaccines, adopting adaptive clinical trial designs, and employing innovative endpoints to streamline translation into clinical practice. In summary, while prostate cancer vaccine development has advanced significantly, addressing critical barriers like tumor heterogeneity and immune evasion and embracing emerging technologies are essential for optimizing personalized vaccines and improving treatment outcomes.
Therapeutic Vaccines in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Immunologic Mechanisms, Therapeutic Platforms, and Barriers to Efficacy Rumambi, Ekklesia Wulan Matilda; Tallei, Trina Ekawati; Turalaki, Grace Lendawati Amelia
Malacca Pharmaceutics Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Heca Sentra Analitika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.60084/mp.v4i1.378

Abstract

Therapeutic vaccines for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) aim to improve treatment outcomes for a disease with high global incidence, mortality, and recurrence risk despite receiving standard multimodal therapy. This field focuses on the use of cancer antigens as vaccine targets in the context of immunology, influenced by immunovigilance, immunoreduction, and the tumor microenvironment, which suppresses the immune system. Mechanistic requirements for effective vaccination include selecting cancer antigens that are highly and homogeneously expressed, functionally linked to oncogenic pathways, and efficiently presented via MHC molecules to coordinate T cell responses. Peptide-based, dendritic cell-based, nucleic acid-based, and microbial vector-based vaccine platforms demonstrate safety and induction of antigen-specific cellular immunity responses. However, survival remains moderate and inconsistent, particularly in advanced-stage patients. Future progress will depend on rigorous, mechanism-based design that integrates data-driven antigen and epitope selection with tailored platform and route selection to shape the desired immune response, while also facilitating personalized and optimized vaccination strategies.
The Evolving Landscape of the Colorectal Cancer Vaccines: From Biological Mechanisms to Translational Therapeutics Setiono, Sabrina Brigitta Valerie; Turalaki, Grace Lendawati Amelia; Tallei, Trina Ekawati
Heca Journal of Applied Sciences Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Heca Sentra Analitika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.60084/hjas.v4i1.372

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major global health burden, and despite substantial advances in cancer immunotherapy, the clinical efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines in CRC has been limited. This review critically examines the biological, immunological, and translational factors that shape CRC vaccine development, with a particular focus on tumor immunopathology, antigen selection, vaccine platforms, and emerging combination strategies. We summarize current knowledge on CRC-associated tumor antigens, including selected tumor-associated antigens and neoantigen-based approaches, alongside major vaccine modalities evaluated in preclinical and early-phase clinical studies. Across the literature, vaccine-induced immunogenicity frequently exceeds demonstrated clinical benefit, highlighting a persistent translational gap. Synthesis of available evidence suggests that this gap is driven primarily by CRC-specific immune constraints, including immune exclusion, dominance of immunologically cold MSS/pMMR tumors, and tolerogenic pressures within metastatic niches, particularly the liver. We further discuss how rational combination strategies, especially those integrating cancer vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), may partially overcome these barriers. In addition, the review outlines the conceptual role of bioinformatics and immunoinformatics in supporting antigen prioritization, neoantigen discovery, and patient stratification in CRC vaccine research. Overall, this review emphasizes that future progress will depend on CRC-tailored antigen selection, mechanistically informed vaccine design, rational combination regimens, and rigorous clinical evaluation to define the realistic clinical role of therapeutic cancer vaccines in CRC.
Integrative Network Pharmacology Study of Cordyceps militaris Compounds for Prostate Cancer Treatment Laihad, Sarah Cecilia Astrid; Tallei , Trina Ekawati; Tendean , Lydia Estelina Naomi; Turalaki, Grace Lendawati Amelia; Marunduh, Sylvia Ritta; Purwanto , Diana Shintawati; Kepel, Billy Johnson; Abas, Abdul Hawil
Heca Journal of Applied Sciences Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Heca Sentra Analitika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.60084/hjas.v4i1.382

Abstract

Prostate cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in men, while adverse effects and the development of drug resistance often limit current therapeutic strategies. Natural products have gained increasing attention as potential sources of novel anticancer agents due to their multitarget properties and relatively low toxicity. Cordyceps militaris, a medicinal fungus rich in bioactive compounds, has been reported to exhibit anticancer activity; however, its compound-target interactions in prostate cancer have not been comprehensively elucidated. This study aimed to explore the interactions between C. militaris bioactive compounds and prostate cancer-associated targets using a pharmacology network-based in silico approach. A total of 50 bioactive compounds were collected from metabolite profiling studies, of which 19 compounds were selected based on high predicted TP53 expression enhancer activity (Pa ≥ 0.7) using WAY2DRUG PASS analysis. Protein targets were predicted using SwissTargetPrediction and the Similarity Ensemble Approach, and then intersected with prostate cancer-associated proteins retrieved from GEPIA2, GeneCards, and OMIM, yielding 499 overlapping targets. Protein interaction network analysis was performed using STRING and visualized in Cytoscape, enabling the identification of key hub proteins based on the applied parameters, highlighting ten key proteins, including SRC, ESR1, MAPK1, AKT1, HSP90AA1, MAPK3, HSP90AB1, EGFR, GRB2, and PRKACA, within the interaction network. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these targets were predominantly involved in cancer-associated signaling pathways, such as the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance pathway. Furthermore, the results revealed that the selected compounds interact with these key prostate cancer-associated proteins. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity evaluation predicted favorable drug-likeness and acceptable safety profiles for selected compounds. Overall, this study highlights the potential of C. militaris bioactive compounds as promising alternative for prostate cancer through multitarget modulation of clinically relevant signaling pathways. Further experimental validation is still required to confirm these findings.
Mechanistic Exploration of Moringa oleifera Leaf Bioactives in Prostate Cancer Using Network Pharmacology Tengke, Feniea Wulan Agaype; Tallei, Trina Ekawati; Turalaki, Grace Lendawati Amelia; Tendean, Lydia Estelina Naomi; Kaseke, Martha Marie; Niode, Nurdjannah Jane; Fatimawali, Fatimawali
Grimsa Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Graha Primera Saintifika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61975/gjset.v4i1.105

Abstract

Prostate cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies in men worldwide, while current therapeutic strategies are often associated with adverse effects and the emergence of drug resistance, highlighting the need for safer and more effective alternatives. This study aimed to elucidate the multitarget molecular mechanisms of bioactive compounds derived from Moringa oleifera leaves against prostate cancer using an integrated in silico network pharmacology approach. A total of 137 bioactive compounds were collected from LC–MS/MS profiling data and phytochemical databases, of which 20 compounds with high predicted biological activity were prioritized based on Way2Drug PASS analysis. Potential protein targets were predicted and intersected with prostate cancer–associated genes to identify shared targets. Protein–protein interaction network analysis revealed 536 overlapping targets, with ten hub proteins, ESR1, AKT1, SRC, EGFR, TP53, HSP90AA1, PIK3CA, HSP90AB1, PIK3R1, and MAPK1, identified as central nodes. Pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that these targets were predominantly involved in cancer-related signaling pathways, including pathways associated with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity assessments indicated that several compounds, such as isorhamnetin, kaempferol, tocopherol, and afzelin, exhibited favorable drug-likeness properties and low predicted toxicity. Overall, these findings suggest that bioactive compounds from Moringa oleifera leaves exert anticancer effects through a multitarget and multi pathway mode of action rather than single-protein modulation. This study provides systematic insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti–prostate cancer potential of Moringa oleifera leaves and supports their relevance as candidates for further experimental validation and drug development.
Co-Authors Abas, Abdul Hawil Fatimawali . Kepel, Billy Johnson Laihad, Sarah Cecilia Astrid Martha Marie Kaseke Marunduh, Sylvia Ritta Niode, Nurdjannah Jane Purwanto , Diana Shintawati Purwanto, Diana Shintawati Rumambi, Ekklesia Wulan Matilda Runtunuwu, Stefanus Vicky Bernhard Elisa Setiono, Sabrina Brigitta Valerie Tallei , Trina Ekawati Tendean , Lydia Estelina Naomi Tendean, Lydia Estelina Naomi Tengke, Feniea Wulan Agaype TRINA EKAWATI TALLEI Utami, Wulandari Putri Wijaya, Puspita