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All Journal Journal of Vocational Nursing
Belgis, Belgis
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Health Professions Nursing Public Health

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THE HABIT OF USING HAND SANITIZER AMONG TEENAGERS AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS COMPARED TO WASHING HANDS – A LITERATURE REVIEW Belgis, Belgis; Fatmalouisa Algadrie, Zahrah
Journal of Vocational Nursing Vol. 5 No. 1 (2024): MAY 2024
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jovin.v5i1.55199

Abstract

Introduction: The spread of infectious diseases occurs when disease-causing agents, such as bacteria, viruses, or germs move and infect from one person to another. Teenage is a phase that is very vulnerable to contracting infectious diseases because it is at a stage of physical development, emotional changes, and increased social relationships. One practical way to prevent infectious diseases is to kill disease-causing agents by washing hands. However, its use is often replaced with a more realistic hand sanitizer. For this reason, this research will compare the efficacy of hand sanitizers and hand washing specifically among teenage populations. Methods: This research is a literature study that uses secondary data from publications published in 2007-2024 and is relevant to the topic of discussion. Of the 16,800 articles according to keywords, 8 articles were found that met the criteria for further discussion. Results: The results of the eight journals selected according to the requirements showed that 3 journals stated that using hand sanitizer was more effective than washing hands. Meanwhile, 5 other journals stated that washing hands was more effective than hand sanitizer. Because, there are still remaining germs, bacteria, and viruses stuck to the hands. Moreover, hand sanitizers are not able to clean the deepest layers of the skin, and long-term use also makes the skin dry and irritated because hand sanitizers contain quite high amounts of alcohol. Conclusions: For this reason, teenagers are expected to prioritize washing their hands with soap and running water rather than using hand sanitizer.
ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR FOR ELECTROLYTE SCREENING IN SIMULATED RENAL SAMPLES Belgis, Belgis; Muhaimin, Muhaimin; Firdaus, Aji Akbar
Journal of Vocational Nursing Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025): OCTOBER 2025
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jovin.v6i2.73132

Abstract

Introduction: Electrolyte imbalance frequently occurs in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to impaired renal regulation of ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. Uncorrected abnormalities can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, neuromuscular dysfunction, and increased mortality. Regular monitoring is critical; however, conventional laboratory methods often require complex equipment and are inaccessible in low-resource settings. Electrochemical sensors provide a practical alternative by enabling rapid, direct measurement of electrolytes through electrical signals generated by ion-selective electrodes. Methods: This study presents the development and validation of a drop-casting-based electrochemical sensor designed for detecting sodium (Na+), potassium (K+, chloride (Cl-), and bicarbonate (HCO₃-) ions. The sensor was fabricated using a low-cost and straightforward method and tested with synthetic serum simulating both normal and renal failure conditions. Results: Calibration curves demonstrated strong linearity (R² > 0.93) for all ions, with minimal deviation for Na+ and K+ Performance validation showed acceptable sensitivity and stabilization time (<10 seconds), supporting its potential for point-of-care use. Conclusions: The device is easy to use, portable, and affordable, making it suitable for vocational healthcare workers in primary health centers and home-based care. Despite limitations in bicarbonate detection, the sensor shows promise for early electrolyte screening in decentralized healthcare settings. Further refinement and broader validation are recommended.
Co-Authors Fatmalouisa Algadrie, Zahrah Firdaus, Aji Akbar Muhaimin Muhaimin