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All Journal JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN (Journal of Environmental Health) The Indonesian Journal of Public Health
Ali, Nabihah
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Public Health

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A POPULATION-BASED STUDY ON THE DEMOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL PARAMETERS AMONG CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA SURVIVAL Ali, Nabihah; Saupin, Saihpudin; Bahtiar, Balqis; Shamsudin, Shamsul Bahari
The Indonesian Journal of Public Health Vol. 19 No. 2 (2024): THE INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijph.v19i2.2024.226-236

Abstract

Introduction: Leukemia is the commonest childhood cancer among children aged 0-19 years in Malaysia, constituting approximately 39.1% of all pediatric cancer cases in the country. Aims: This study aimed to measure the characteristics and survival of childhood leukemia among the local Malaysian population. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study based on all the childhood leukemia patients aged 0-19 years registered in the Malaysian National Cancer Registry between 2010 and 2014 with the date of death before or on the 31st December 2019. The Kaplan-Meier method and life table were used to estimate five-year survival rates. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 27). Result: A total of 1,212 participants were included in this study. Their mean (SD) age was 8 (5.6) at the time of diagnosis. The highest five-year survival estimates were seen in females (58%, 95% CI: 54.5-63.1), children aged 1 to 4 (66%, 95% CI: 62.3-70.9), Indian (61.6%, 95% CI: 50.2-73.0), children diagnosed with acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) (65.7%, 95% CI: 61.6-69.8), and those who had undergone chemotherapy at diagnosis (57.3%, 95% CI: 54.0-60.6). Patients with childhood leukemia in Malaysia reported a 5-year overall survival of 56.4 %. Survival was greater in children aged 1 to 4 years old, Indians, with ALL, and have had chemotherapy treatment at the time of diagnosis. Conclusion: The study demographic and clinical findings were comparable with other Asian countries.
Health Risk Assessment of Ambient Air Benzene Among Primary School Children in Urban and Rural Areas in Johor, Malaysia Ali, Nabihah; Shamsudin, Shamsul Bahari; Toha, Haidar Rizal
JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN Vol. 16 No. 4 (2024): JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jkl.v16i4.2024.368-377

Abstract

Introduction: It is a fact that children are vulnerable, and are at risk from benzene, a volatile, carcinogenic organic compound. The aim of our study is to determine the levels of ambient air benzene and examine the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks involved Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two urban and two rural primary schools in Johor, Malaysia. Benzene concentrations were measured using BUCK Libra L-4 pumps and analyzed in the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Data were collected from 334 10-12 year old children, to calculate the exposure levels based on their body weights and heights. The hazard quotient (HQ) served to evaluate the non-carcinogenic risks, whereas the lifetime cancer risk (LCR) was determined with the aid of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Results and Discussion: Benzene concentrations were higher in rural than urban areas, surpassing the European Union (EU) standard of 5 μg/m³. It was also established that the highest average levels recorded were 6.89 ± 6.68 μg/m³. The HQ values, nonetheless, had indicated no immediate non-carcinogenic risk, while LCR estimates were found to be within a tolerable range across all sites. Findings showed that although the immediate risk from benzene exposure is low, long-term exposure still poses a significant cancer risk to children; even low levels of chronic exposure can heighten the likelihood of children to develop cancers. Conclusion: This study has produced a revelation that there are elevated benzene levels in rural areas in Johor. Despite the low, immediate non-carcinogenic risks, further investigation on the potential for long-term cancer risks is warranted. These risks can be addressed by conducting stricter air quality monitoring, enhancing vehicle emission standards, and introducing educational programs that can raise awareness about benzene exposure.
Co-Authors Bahtiar, Balqis Saupin, Saihpudin Shamsudin, Shamsul Bahari Toha, Haidar Rizal