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P. Herwindo, Rahadhian
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Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture

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STUDI KARAKTERISTIK ARSITEKTUR PERCANDIAN ERA SINGOSARI-MAJAPAHIT (DITINJAU DARI SINKRETISME ARSITEKTURAL SECARA SOSOK, TATA RUANG, DAN TEKTONIKA) Fabrian Gulla, Marcellino; P. Herwindo, Rahadhian
Riset Arsitektur (RISA) Vol 8 No 04 (2024): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v8i04.8587.406- 422

Abstract

Abstract - Hinduism and Buddhism were introduced to Nusantara society in the 5th century, when maritime trading routes that connected India in the west and China in the east thrived in the region. In its development, Hinduism and Buddhism experienced significant progress in the Island of Java which one of them marked by the construction of Hindu and Buddhist temples that now Indonesians call as Candi at the beginning of the 8th century in the era of Ancient Mataram Kingdom. Candi itself are ancient temple buildings that has religious functions and originated from the Hindu-Buddha era in Nusantara. As time goes by, the glory of Ancient Mataram Kingdom started to fade, along with the move of the government to the east. The fading Ancient Mataram Kingdom gave birth to newly established kingdoms, from Kediri Kingdom, which followed by Tumapel Kingdom or popularly known as Singosari and up to Majapahit Empire. In this period of time, a form of syncretism arose from Hindu-Buddhist beliefs that had existed into a concept calls Shiva-Buddhism, with influences from Tantrism, and the revival of native Nusantara beliefs. The syncretism that happened gave influence to architectural composition of Cnadi that was built in this period with its own characteristics that is distinct form its predecessors. Study about Singosari-Majapahit era Temples that have existed have not fathomed about syncretism from its architectural side, therefore it needs further studies through this research. This research is conducted using a qualitative approach with the aim of understanding the characteristics of Singosari-Majapahit era temples, also to find out the similarities and differences of Singosari-Majapahit era temples with Hindu temples and Buddhist temples through analysis in forms, spatial orders, and tectonics. After being analyzed, it is found that the syncretism that occurs in the temples did not have a default pattern, which the syncretism itself is only accepted conceptually whereas practically it is in the form of hybrid. Moreover, it is also found that the arrangements of temple complex had drifted into elongated and linear order as an embodiment of egalitariansm which was also mentioned in Panji tales, with the main temple is at the rearest part of the complex. This kind of arrangement will later influence and still can be seen by us now in the religious complexes of Bali. Keywords: candi, characteristics, syncretism, Singosari-Majapahit
STUDI PENJAJARAN ARSITEKTUR CANDI BUDDHA DI SUMATERA DAN JAWA DALAM KONTEKS MAHAYANA VAJRAYANA DITINJAU DARI TATA MASSA, TATA RUANG, SOSOK, DAN ORNAMENTASI Kukuh, Ravi; P. Herwindo, Rahadhian
Riset Arsitektur (RISA) Vol 8 No 04 (2024): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering Parahyangan Catholic University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v8i04.8588.423-441

Abstract

Abstract - Buddhist architecture in Sumatra and Java still needs to be studied further in relation to the study of relations because Buddhist architecture does not have books or buildings that serve as guidelines for Buddhist architecture in Indonesia. The Buddhist schools that have spread in Indonesia, namely Mahayana and Vajrayana, have long ago had roots in Hindu teachings which can be seen again from the spread of architecture that occurred in Indonesia. This research was conducted to determine the relationship between Buddhist temples in Sumatra and Buddhist temples in Java. Analysis regarding the similarities and differences between several temples in Sumatra and Java can produce influencing factors. Comparative qualitative research was conducted to find out the differences and similarities between Buddhist temples in Sumatra and Java by conducting a juxtaposition study, after which the analysis was given what factors were thought to influence the similarities and differences obtained. It was concluded that there are similarities and differences between the two architectures of Sumatran Buddhist temples and Ancient Mataram Buddhists, similarities are possible because Sumatran temples have a closeness or resemblance to the architectural style of Central Javanese temples which can be seen in the application of different temple architectural elements. adapted to the Sumatran temples. The difference also explains that there is a closeness of the architectural style that is implemented according to local wisdom or based on local genius which influences the differences. So based on the descriptive qualitative analysis, it is evident that there are similarities and differences in the juxtaposition study that connects the architectural elements of the temples that are the object of research. Keywords: candi architecture, Buddha, Sumatra, architectural elements
STUDI KARAKTERISTIK ARSITEKTUR PERCANDIAN ERA SINGOSARI-MAJAPAHIT (DITINJAU DARI SINKRETISME ARSITEKTURAL SECARA SOSOK, TATA RUANG, DAN TEKTONIKA) Fabrian Gulla, Marcellino; P. Herwindo, Rahadhian
Jurnal Riset Arsitektur Vol 8 No 04 (2024): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v8i04.8587.406-422

Abstract

Abstract - Hinduism and Buddhism were introduced to Nusantara society in the 5th century, when maritime trading routes that connected India in the west and China in the east thrived in the region. In its development, Hinduism and Buddhism experienced significant progress in the Island of Java which one of them marked by the construction of Hindu and Buddhist temples that now Indonesians call as Candi at the beginning of the 8th century in the era of Ancient Mataram Kingdom. Candi itself are ancient temple buildings that has religious functions and originated from the Hindu-Buddha era in Nusantara. As time goes by, the glory of Ancient Mataram Kingdom started to fade, along with the move of the government to the east. The fading Ancient Mataram Kingdom gave birth to newly established kingdoms, from Kediri Kingdom, which followed by Tumapel Kingdom or popularly known as Singosari and up to Majapahit Empire. In this period of time, a form of syncretism arose from Hindu-Buddhist beliefs that had existed into a concept calls Shiva-Buddhism, with influences from Tantrism, and the revival of native Nusantara beliefs. The syncretism that happened gave influence to architectural composition of Cnadi that was built in this period with its own characteristics that is distinct form its predecessors. Study about Singosari-Majapahit era Temples that have existed have not fathomed about syncretism from its architectural side, therefore it needs further studies through this research. This research is conducted using a qualitative approach with the aim of understanding the characteristics of Singosari-Majapahit era temples, also to find out the similarities and differences of Singosari-Majapahit era temples with Hindu temples and Buddhist temples through analysis in forms, spatial orders, and tectonics. After being analyzed, it is found that the syncretism that occurs in the temples did not have a default pattern, which the syncretism itself is only accepted conceptually whereas practically it is in the form of hybrid. Moreover, it is also found that the arrangements of temple complex had drifted into elongated and linear order as an embodiment of egalitariansm which was also mentioned in Panji tales, with the main temple is at the rearest part of the complex. This kind of arrangement will later influence and still can be seen by us now in the religious complexes of Bali. Keywords: candi, characteristics, syncretism, Singosari-Majapahit
STUDI PENJAJARAN ARSITEKTUR CANDI BUDDHA DI SUMATERA DAN JAWA DALAM KONTEKS MAHAYANA VAJRAYANA DITINJAU DARI TATA MASSA, TATA RUANG, SOSOK, DAN ORNAMENTASI Kukuh, Ravi; P. Herwindo, Rahadhian
Jurnal Riset Arsitektur Vol 8 No 04 (2024): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v8i04.8588.423-441

Abstract

Abstract - Buddhist architecture in Sumatra and Java still needs to be studied further in relation to the study of relations because Buddhist architecture does not have books or buildings that serve as guidelines for Buddhist architecture in Indonesia. The Buddhist schools that have spread in Indonesia, namely Mahayana and Vajrayana, have long ago had roots in Hindu teachings which can be seen again from the spread of architecture that occurred in Indonesia. This research was conducted to determine the relationship between Buddhist temples in Sumatra and Buddhist temples in Java. Analysis regarding the similarities and differences between several temples in Sumatra and Java can produce influencing factors. Comparative qualitative research was conducted to find out the differences and similarities between Buddhist temples in Sumatra and Java by conducting a juxtaposition study, after which the analysis was given what factors were thought to influence the similarities and differences obtained. It was concluded that there are similarities and differences between the two architectures of Sumatran Buddhist temples and Ancient Mataram Buddhists, similarities are possible because Sumatran temples have a closeness or resemblance to the architectural style of Central Javanese temples which can be seen in the application of different temple architectural elements. adapted to the Sumatran temples. The difference also explains that there is a closeness of the architectural style that is implemented according to local wisdom or based on local genius which influences the differences. So based on the descriptive qualitative analysis, it is evident that there are similarities and differences in the juxtaposition study that connects the architectural elements of the temples that are the object of research. Keywords: candi architecture, Buddha, Sumatra, architectural elements
STUDI TRANSFORMASI ARSITEKTUR CANDI BATU DIENG DITINJAU DARI ANATOMI, TEKTONIKA, PROPORSI, TATA RUANG DAN MASSA SERTA WUJUD REKONSTRUKSI VIRTUALNYA Steven Nugroho, Michael; P. Herwindo, Rahadhian
Jurnal Riset Arsitektur Vol 7 No 03 (2023): RISET ARSITEKTUR "RISA"
Publisher : Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26593/risa.v7i03.7004.317-333

Abstract

Abstract - Dieng Temple is one of the oldest stone temple clusters in Central Java and stores about 400 stone temples and now only 9 temples are left standing intact or partially collapsed. Batu Dieng Temple holds a lot of history of architectural development and transformation in the 7th to 8th centuries. The tectonics and architectural anatomy of Batu Dieng Temple can provide evidence of the progress and technology of Nusantara construction in that century, Batu Dieng Temple also stores stories about the relationship between Archipelago Temple Architecture with Temple Architecture in other places such as in North and South India. This study found that there were various kinds of transformations that were studied through the architectural transformation theory written by Mustafa (2010) such as the transformation of creation, cultural borrowing, and variants. In addition, this study also provides an overview of the temples in Dieng that have been found collapsed, such as the head of the Srikandi, Gatotkaca, and Dwarawati temples. Keywords: Batu Temple Architecture, Batu Dieng Temple. Temple Reconstruction, Tectonics, Anatomy
Co-Authors Fabrian Gulla, Marcellino Kukuh, Ravi Steven Nugroho, Michael