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Perbandingan Komposisi dan Pertanggungjawaban Organ Perseroan dalam Anggaran Dasar Perseroan Serta Minimal Pemegang Saham antara Hukum Perseroan Indonesia dan Beberapa Negara Non-Civil Law Fabiola, Bella; Sendrawan, Tjhong
JUSTICIA SAINS - Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Vol 9, No 2 (2024): JUSTICIA SAINS: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum
Publisher : Universitas Sang Bumi Ruwa Jurai

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24967/jcs.v9i2.3267

The actions of the organs of a Limited Liability Company (PT) are limited by the Articles of Association of the Company itself. But behind the Company's Articles of Association, of course there is the Company Law which limits the provisions regarding PT. The limitations in the UUPT are not necessarily universal. This fact causes the Company's Articles of Association to have provisions that are different from the constitutional documents of PTs in other countries. Based on this, the question that arises is what are the differences between the provisions of the Company Law and other countries, especially in terms of the organs contained in the Company. The research method used in writing this article is a normative juridical research method. The research specifications used in this research are analytical descriptive. The data analysis method used is normative qualitative.From the comparative study in this paper, a number of legal gaps can be identified in Indonesian law that need to be corrected. First, the Company Law has not yet concretely explained the limits of the Directors' responsibilities, leaving legal uncertainty regarding the limits of the Directors' responsibilities. Second, the role of the Board of Commissioners seems unnecessary because it can be transferred to existing Company organs. Therefore, the Board of Commissioners needs to be given a clearer role in the Articles of Association. Third, there is no concrete reason for the prohibition on single share ownership.

Legal Antinomy in Exercising Civil Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Notarial Activities: Lessons Learned from Indonesia Sendrawan, Tjhong; Agustina, Rosa; Makarim, Edmon
Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights Vol. 8 No. 2 (2024): December 2024
Publisher : University of Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19184/jseahr.v8i2.44270

This paper addresses the legal antinomy present in the exercise of civil rights for persons with disabilities (PWD) in notarial activities in Indonesia. The conflict arises between the need for legal certainty, as required by national laws, and the obligation to provide equal justice and access for PWD, as mandated by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Key provisions of the Indonesian Notary Law, particularly the Notary Law Amendment of 2014, impose barriers that hinder PWD from fully exercising their civil rights. These issues highlight the lack of clear guidelines for notaries in accommodating PWD, resulting in legal uncertainty and potential discrimination. This paper proposes legal reforms and emphasizes the need for notaries to act as facilitators of justice, ensuring equal access to civil rights for PWD in line with international human rights standards. The study employs a doctrinal legal research method, conducting literature reviews of various primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, such as an international convention, notary laws, books, journals, dictionaries, and research papers published relevant to the topic. This article limits the analysis of human rights of PWD to their access of civil rights services provided by a notary. A notary needs to understand and carefully make legal judgment when providing advice and drawing up notarial acts under various circumstances involving disabilities. In the end, this paper acknowledges a significant finding that Article 16 paragraph (1) letter (c), Article 42 paragraph (2) and paragraph (3), and Article 43 paragraph (3) of the Notary Law Amendment of 2014 currently hinder the exercise of civil rights of PWD. This paper offers both theoretical and empirical contributions to the ongoing discussion and presents perspectives from the Indonesian Constitutional Court Judgement Number 93/PUU-XX/2022, which amends the provisions of Article 433 Indonesian Civil Code and argues for the importance of a specific understanding and guidelines on this issue. Keywords: Access to Justice, Disability Rights, Equality, Human Rights Model, Notary Acts

Perbandingan Perkembangan Pendirian Perseroan Terbatas Di Indonesia Dan Belanda Laksana, Khrisna Adjie; Sendrawan, Tjhong
JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW Vol. 6 No. 3 (2023): DECEMBER
Publisher : Universitas Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26623/julr.v6i3.7643

The aim of this research is to compare the development of the establishment of Limited Liability Companies in Indonesia and the Netherlands along with the development of society. Regulations regarding Limited Liability Companies in Indonesia have undergone several changes, which are currently regulated in Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies and Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation which introduces a new form of Company, namely Individual Companies, changes to the law -The law intends to be more in line with current legal developments so that it can accommodate the needs of the community. This writing has an urgency, namely that along with developments over time, of course regulations will also change along with the needs of society. This research compares the consistency of the development and application of regulations in Indonesia and the Netherlands with the aim of learning and developing in the legal field. This research method uses normative juridical research methods. This research has a novelty, namely a discussion related to the comparison regarding the establishment of limited liability companies in Indonesia and in the Netherlands and comparing the consistency regarding changes that are still in accordance with legal principles. The results of this research are that in the Netherlands there are differences with Indonesia, namely related to the status of individual companies, in which case Indonesia has the status of a legal entity, whereas in the Netherlands individual companies are not legal entities. Another difference between the Netherlands and Indonesia that can be seen is the same regarding approval from the government to establish a company, in the Netherlands starting in 2011, the provisions for government approval have been removed and replaced with a system of strict supervision by the ministry. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membandingkan mengenai perkembangan pendirian perseroan terbatas di Indonesia dengan Belanda seiring perkembangan masyarakat. Pengaturan mengenai perseroan terbatas di Indonesia sudah mengalami beberapa kali perubahan yang mana saat ini diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas dan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja yang mengenalkan suatu bentuk perseroan baru yakni perseroan perseorangan, perubahan undang-undang tersebut bermaksud agar lebih sesuai dengan perkembangan hukum saat ini sehingga dapat mengakomodir kebutuhan dari masyarakat. Penelitian ini memiliki urgensi yaitu seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, tentunya peraturan juga akan berubah seiring dengan kebutuhan masyarakat, penelitian ini membandingkan bagaimana konsistensi dari perkembangan dan penerapan peraturan di Indonesia dengan Belanda dengan tujuan sebagai pembelajaran dan pengembangan dalam bidang hukum. metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal. Penelitian ini mempunyai kebaruan yaitu pembahasan terkait perbandingan mengenai pendirian perseroan terbatas di Indonesia dan Belanda dan membandingkan bagaimana konsistensi terkait perubahan yang masih sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip hukum. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu di Belanda memiliki perbedaan dengan Indonesia, yaitu terkait dengan status perusahaan perseorangan yang mana dalam hal ini Indonesia memiliki status sebagai badan hukum, sementara di Belanda perusahaan perseorangan bukanlah badan hukum. Perbedaan lain antara Belanda dan Indonesia yang dapat dilihat dalam halnya terkait persetujuan dari pemerintah untuk mendirikan perseroan, di Belanda mulai pada tahun 2011 telah menghapus ketentuan persetujuan pemerintah dan menggantikannya dengan sistem pengawasan yang ketat oleh kementerian.

ANALISIS YURIDIS PEMBUATAN AKTA ELEKTRONIK OLEH PPAT DALAM PERSPEKTIF PP 18/2021: PELUANG, TANTANGAN, DAN IMPLIKASI TERHADAP KEPASTIAN HUKUM Adelina, Alda Anabela; Sendrawan, Tjhong
Jurnal Ilmiah Advokasi Vol 13, No 3 (2025): Jurnal Ilmiah Advokasi
Publisher : Universitas Labuhanbatu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36987/jiad.v13i3.6607

Article 86 of Government Regulation (PP) No. 18 of 2021 opens opportunities for the making of electronic deeds by Land Deed Officials (PPAT), yet it raises juridical issues due to the use of the term “may,” which creates uncertainty regarding which types of deeds are permitted and what format of electronic deeds is legally valid. On the one hand, this regulation represents progress toward the digitalization of land services and has the potential to improve public service efficiency. On the other hand, the absence of specific provisions governing electronic face-to-face procedures, deed reading mechanisms, and system security standards presents serious challenges to implementation. This study employs a doctrinal juridical method by examining relevant regulations, including PP 18/2021, PP 71/2019, Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency Regulation (Permen ATR/BPN) No. 20/2021, and Permen ATR/BPN No. 3/2019, supported by interviews with PPAT. The findings indicate that the implementation of electronic deeds by PPAT will inevitably take place sooner or later; however, the current lack of regulatory clarity has the potential to hinder legal certainty. Therefore, the establishment of specific regulations governing technical procedures, electronic system standards, and legal protection is crucial to ensure that the implementation of electronic deeds not only provides efficiency opportunities but also guarantees legal certainty for all parties. Keywords: Electronic Deeds, PPAT, Legal Certainty, PP 18/2021

Pelanggaran Notaris yang Bekerja sama Melalui Platform Media Sosial dengan Pihak Ketiga Chandra, Vivia; Sendrawan, Tjhong
Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik Vol. 4 No. 6 (2024): (JIHHP) Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (September - Oktober 2024)
Publisher : Dinasti Review Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jihhp.v4i6.2373

Along with technological developments, social media is increasingly being used by almost all groups. Social media is a means for third parties to promote notarial deeds. The problem in this article is the legal and ethical violations committed by notaries who collaborate via social media platforms provided by third parties. The aim of the research is to analyze the legal and ethical rules regarding notaries who collaborate via social media platforms provided by third parties. This research was conducted because there is no clear and detailed law enforcement regarding notaries collaborating via social media platforms provided by third parties. This research method is doctrinal legal research with moral rules regulated based on the agreement of members of the Indonesian Notary Association organization. The research results of notaries working together through social media platforms provided by third parties, to promote the making of notarial deeds, is a violation of UUJN and the Code of Ethics. The violation committed by the notary was violating the provisions of Article 4 UUJN regarding the oath of office and the provisions of Article 4 paragraphs (3) and (4) of the Notary Code of Ethics regarding promotion and seeking clients. However, the notary's violations regarding promotion and seeking clients via social media were not explained in detail. Thus, the Indonesian Notary Association organization should update the Notary Code of Ethics to provide direction regarding the use of social media by notaries.

Dasar Hukum Pelaksanaan E-RUPS PT Tertutup Bonaventura, Ardes; Sendrawan, Tjhong
Syntax Literate Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia
Publisher : Syntax Corporation

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36418/syntax-literate.v9i2.15207

E-RUPS atau Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham secara Elektronik adalah pelaksanaan RUPS oleh Perseroan Terbatas (PT) dengan menggunakan media telekonferensi, video konferensi, atau sarana media elektronik lainnya, yang telah diakomodasi dalam ketentuan Pasal 15 ayat 3 Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 tentang Jabatan Notaris juncto Pasal 77 ayat 1 Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas dan ketentuan POJK Nomor 16 Tahun 2020. Akan tetapi, pengaturan tersebut pada praktiknya ditujukan bagi PT Terbuka. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan penyediaan sarana media elektronik oleh Kustodian Sentral Efek Indonesia yakni eASY.KSEI bagi PT Terbuka. Bagi PT Tertutup, belum ada penganturan secara spesifik atau penegasan penunjukan sarana media elektronik yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan E-RUPS. Dengan demikian, dasar hukum penyelenggaraan E-RUPS PT Tertutup perlu ditinjau lebih jauh. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dasar hukum dan keabsahan penggunaan sarana media elektronik bagi E-RUPS PT Tertutup dan produk hukum yang dihasilkannya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan artikel ini adalah doktrinal yakni dengan melakukan studi kepustakaan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa keabsahan E-RUPS dan produk yang dihasilkan dalam E-RUPS tersebut yakni Akta Notaris, ditentukan dengan memerhatikan dua hal yaitu kekuatan pembuktian formal berupa pernyataan Notaris sebagai pejabat umum dan kekuatan pembuktian material yang dititiberatkan kepada autentikasi para penghadap serta saksi yang diatur dalam ketentuan Pasal 39 Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 tentang Jabatan Notaris juncto ketentuan Pasal 5 dan 6 Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik.

Absence of a Power of Attorney to Appear before a Notary in Making the Deed of Statement of Resolutions of the Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders Putri, Bellatric Andini; Sendrawan, Tjhong
Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum Vol. 21 No. 1 (2022): Pena Justisia
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Pekalongan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31941/pj.v22i1.2651

The background of this research is the absence of a power of attorney to appear before a notary as the basis for the authority of the appearer in making the Deed of Resolutions of Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders (PKR deed). The problems studied in this research are the reasons why a power of attorney to appear before a notary is needed in the process of making a PKR deed and efforts that can be made by a notary so that the deed he makes still complies with statutory provions, if the power of attorney does not exist. The research was conducted using a literature study with an analytical descriptive research typology by examining secondary data in the form of primary and secondary materials. Primary legal materials consist of the Civil Code, Notary Office Law, and Limited Liability Company Law, while secondary legal materials consist of books, journals, articles, and internet media related to Limited Liability Companies, the role of a Notary in making the deeds of Limited Liability Companies, and notary’s obligations in making authentic deeds. The results of this study explain that a power attorney with the right of substitution for a appearer who wants to appear before a Notary to state the contents of a meeting decision in a PKR deed is important. With the existence of a power of attorney, the appearer as the proxy holder has the authority to act to represent the interests of other shareholders present at the EGMS. Conversely, if there is no power of attorney, then the appearer does not have the authority to act. The result of the incompleteness of the power of attorney for the appearer in making the PKR deed is that the PKR deed can be canceled because it has violated the subjective terms of the validity of the agreement which also includes the material requirements of an authentic deed, namely the agreement of the parties. Thus, the Notary can prevent and overcome the cancellation of the deed if the Notary performs due diligence as stipulated in Article 16 paragraph (1) letter a UUJN. The notary can start examining documents from identifying the identity of the appearer, carefully verifying the subject and object data of the appearer, drawing up a deed with sufficient timeframe, fulfilling the formal and material requirements of the deed, reporting if there are indications of money laundering, expanding knowledge and professional expertise in accordance with the times, as well as conducting legal counseling for appearers.

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