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Ivanov, Ivan
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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Toxicity and Safety Analysis of Polyhexamethylene Guanidine: A Comprehensive Systematic Review Ivanov, Ivan; Kirillova, Daria; Erimbetov, Kenes; Shatalov, Denis
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 3 Issue 3
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0303263

Abstract

Polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) is a commonly used disinfectant, but safety concerns have arisen due to poisoning cases. This systematic review assesses the toxicity and safety of PHMG by inhalation, oral administration, skin contact, and ocular contact to determine its potential medical applications and acceptable concentration limits. Searches in PubMed, ScienceDirect, CENTRAL, and CyberLeninka up to January 2024 identified 11 in vitro studies with human cell lines, 28 animal studies, and 10 articles involving patients and healthy volunteers. The review found that inhalation of PHMG leads to pulmonary fibrosis and malignant neoplasms, making aerosol forms unacceptable. PHMG can also affect liver function and have adverse effects on the heart, kidneys, and hematopoietic system. For dermal use, PHMG appears to be safe at concentrations up to 3%, although practical use may limit this to 1% due to potential discomfort. Still, it is important to consider possible sensitization, especially in patients with pre-existing skin conditions. In oral hygiene, 1% PHMG-P has been used safely in periodontal treatment, suggesting its potential in dentistry. For ophthalmic use, concentrations should be carefully monitored. PHMG-P solutions below 0.13% appear to be safe for human corneal epithelium, however lower concentrations still pose a risk of corneal fibrosis, as shown in animal studies. Physicians should prefer lower concentrations and consider alternatives or formulations with reduced toxicity for sensitive applications such as eye drops. Overall, although PHMG and its derivatives show promise in a variety of medical applications, their use should be reasonable, with careful consideration of the associated risks.
Development of Chitosan-Based Antimicrobial Hydrogel Incorporating Polyvinylpyrrolidone and PHMG Ivanov, Ivan; Shatalov, Denis
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 3 Issue 4
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0304289

Abstract

This study focuses on the development of a chitosan-based hydrogel incorporating polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride for the rehabilitation of damaged and contaminated skin. The thermal properties of chitosan-containing films were characterized by measuring the glass transition temperature (Tg) using differential scanning calorimetry. Due to challenges in accurately determining the Tg of chitosan from experimental and literature data, an additional method, dynamic mechanical analysis, was employed. Using the literature value for the Tg of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride, the transitions of the components were determined. The estimated sorption capacity of the developed hydrogel showed that the inclusion of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride reduced the moisture content, as expected. However, the overall behavior of the hydrogels remained similar. Vapor permeability, an important factor in wound healing, was also evaluated. Antimicrobial testing revealed no activity for the chitosan control sample despite some reports in the literature, while the samples containing polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride exhibited superior antimicrobial efficacy. These findings suggest that the incorporation of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride and polyvinylpyrrolidone significantly enhances both the mechanical strength and antimicrobial potential of chitosan-based hydrogels, positioning them as promising candidates for the treatment of contaminated wounds.
Feature selection for support vector machines in imbalanced data Toleva, Borislava; Ivanov, Ivan; Hooper, Vincent
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol 14, No 4: August 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/eei.v14i4.9556

Abstract

Addressing the effects of class imbalance on feature selection models has become an increasingly important focus in academic research. This study introduces a novel support vector machine (SVM)-based algorithm specifically designed to handle class imbalance during the feature selection process. Using the Taiwan bankruptcy dataset as a case study, the algorithm incorporates the ExtraTreeClassifier() to manage class imbalance and identify a reduced set of relevant variables. To validate the selected features, SVM is applied within the imbalanced data context. Subsequently, analysis of variance (ANOVA) ranking is employed to further refine the variable set to three key features. An SVM model tailored for class imbalance is then constructed to assess the effectiveness of the final feature set. The proposed model significantly outperforms existing approaches in terms of classification performance. Specifically, it achieves a Type I error of 1.17% and a Type II error of 22.9%, compared to 4.4% and 39.4% reported in prior research. In terms of overall accuracy, our method reaches 83.1%, surpassing the 81.3% achieved by earlier studies. These results demonstrate that the proposed feature selection algorithm not only improves SVM accuracy but also outperforms other feature selection techniques when used in conjunction with SVMs, particularly under conditions of class imbalance.
Co-Authors Erimbetov, Kenes Hooper, Vincent Kirillova, Daria Shatalov, Denis Toleva, Borislava