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State, Society, and University: Historical Context of Chinese Higher Education Rungfamai, Kreangchai
SUSURGALUR Vol 2, No 2 (2014)
Publisher : SUSURGALUR

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ABSTRACT: In many cases, ideally, the Society assumes that the State can operate on behalf of the Society by intervening Universities’ activities in order to meet societal expectations. Conversely, the Society can also pressure the State via the University behaving as a buffer zone of interests between the State and the Society. This paper is intended to reflect the intertwined role and interconnected relationship between State, Society, and University in China. It highlights how these three main stakeholders have responded to their environments by emphasizing the role of Universities. The paper provides a general overview of the role of higher education in the Chinese society, and its responses towards other stakeholders and changes in its environments from the past to the present. From the perspective of chronological history, the analysis of the evolution of Chinese higher education is based upon the premise that these three main stakeholders: State, Society, and University, embedding in their own socio-cultural underpinning factors have to respond to changing environments. The role of Universities is substantially highlighted as the key stakeholder in this paper. KEY WORD: State, university, society, historical context, Chinese higher education, stakeholders, and changing environments.IKHTISAR: “Negara, Masyarakat, dan Universitas: Konteks Sejarah tentang Pendidikan Tinggi Cina”. Dalam banyak kasus, idealnya, Masyarakat berasumsi bahwa Negara dapat beroperasi atas nama Masyarakat dengan intervensi kegiatan Universitas dalam rangka memenuhi harapan Masyarakat. Sebaliknya, Masyarakat juga dapat menekan Negara melalui kegiatan Universitas sebagai zona penyangga kepentingan antara Negara dan Masyarakat. Tulisan ini dimaksudkan untuk merefleksikan jalinan peran dan hubungan yang saling berkaitan antara Negara, Masyarakat, dan Universitas di Cina. Ini menyoroti bagaimana tiga pengampu kepentingan utama ini telah merespon lingkungan mereka dengan menekankan peran Universitas. Makalah ini memberikan gambaran umum tentang peran pendidikan tinggi dalam masyarakat Cina, dan tanggapan terhadap pengampu kepentingan lainnya dan perubahan lingkungan dari masa lalu hingga saat ini. Dari perspektif sejarah kronologis, analisis evolusi pendidikan tinggi Cina didasarkan pada premis bahwa tiga pengampu kepentingan utama ini: Negara, Masyarakat, dan Universitas, harus melekat dalam sosial-budaya mereka sendiri sebagai faktor-faktor pendukung dan merespon perubahan lingkungan. Peran perguruan tinggi secara substansial disorot sebagai pengampu kepentingan utama dalam makalah ini.KATA KUNCI: Negara, universitas, masyarakat, konteks historis, pendidikan tinggi Cina, pengampu kepentingan, dan perubahan lingkungan.About the Author: Kreangchai Rungfamai, Ph.D. is Freelance Researcher of the Thailand. He has earned Ph.D. from the Faculty of Education, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (China). His e-mail address is: kreangchai_tdai@hotmail.comHow to cite this article? Rungfamai, Kreangchai. (2014). “State, Society, and University: Historical Context of Chinese Higher Education” in SUSURGALUR: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah, Vol.2(2), September, pp.207-216. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press and UBD Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, ISSN 2302-5808. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (May 29, 2014); Revised (August 12, 2014); and Published (September 24, 2014).
Historical Context of Research Universities in Thailand Rungfamai, Kreangchai
SUSURGALUR Vol 1, No 2 (2013)
Publisher : SUSURGALUR

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ABSTRACT: This paper is intended to examine the historical context of research universities in Thailand. The historical examination of research universities in Thailand is conceptualized through three critical incidents in Thai modern history. In the first incident of embracing Western knowledge, the first university in the Western sense was established. The main function of the university during this period was to produce civil servants to serve the establishment of the modern bureaucracy. In the second phase of political alliance with the USA (United States of America) and the government policy of economic development, the term research had become substantially embraced, particularly within the university. And in the third phase of the forces of globalization on higher education, the research function for a number of Thai universities has increasingly emphasized for different purposes. In addition, the Asian financial crisis in 1997 has become one of the key driving factors in the reforms of higher education governance arrangements and university funding in Thailand. Finally, the implementation of the National Research University project in 2009 has triggered the university to be more proactive towards the research function. KEY WORD: Research universities in Thailand, historical context, Western knowledge, political alliance with the USA, and globalization.IKHTISAR: Makalah ini berjudul “Konteks Historis Universitas-universitas Riset di Thailand”. Ianya dimaksudkan untuk menguji konteks historis universitas riset di Thailand. Pengkajian sejarah universitas riset di Thailand dikonseptualisasikan melalui tiga kejadian penting dalam sejarah modern Thailand. Dalam kejadian pertama yang merangkul pengetahuan Barat, universitas pertama dalam pengertian Barat didirikan. Fungsi utama dari universitas selama periode ini adalah menghasilkan PNS (Pegawai Negeri Sipil) untuk melayani pembentukan birokrasi modern. Pada tahap kedua dimana aliansi politik dengan USA (Amerika Serikat) dan kebijakan pemerintah terhadap pembangunan ekonomi, terminologi penelitian telah berkembang secara substansial, khususnya di lingkungan universitas. Dan dalam fase ketiga dari kekuatan globalisasi pada pendidikan tinggi, fungsi riset untuk sejumlah perguruan tinggi di Thailand telah semakin ditekankan untuk tujuan yang berbeda. Selain itu, krisis moneter di Asia pada tahun 1997 telah menjadi salah satu faktor pendorong bagi kunci reformasi tentang pengaturan tata-kelola pendidikan tinggi dan pendanaan universitas di Thailand. Akhirnya, pelaksanaan proyek Universitas Riset Nasional pada tahun 2009 telah memicu universitas untuk lebih proaktif terhadap fungsi penelitian.KATA KUNCI: Universitas riset di Thailand, konteks historis, pengetahuan Barat, aliansi politik dengan Amerika Serikat, dan globalisasi.About the Author: Kreangchai Rungfamai, Ph.D. is a Senior Policy Researcher at the National Science Technology and Innovation Policy Office in Thailand. For academic purposes, the author can be contacted via his e-mail address at: kreangchai_tdai@hotmail.comHow to cite this article? Rungfamai, Kreangchai. (2013). “Historical Context of Research Universities in Thailand” in SUSURGALUR: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah, Vol.1(2), September, pp.103-112. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press and UBD Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, ISSN 2302-5808, ISSN 2302-5808. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (July 15, 2013); Revised (August 15, 2013); and Published (September 30, 2013).