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All Journal Jurnal Media Hukum Jurnal Hukum Novelty Sriwijaya Law Review JHCLS
Al-Billeh, Tareq
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Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Environmental Science Health Professions Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

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The Risks of Using Artificial Intelligence on Privacy and Human Rights: Unifying Global Standards Al-Billeh, Tareq; Hmaidan, Ruba; Al-Hammouri, Ali; AL Makhmari, Mohammed
Jurnal Media Hukum Vol. 31 No. 2: December 2024
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmh.v31i2.23480

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) presents significant opportunities and challenges, particularly balancing innovation with protecting privacy and human rights. The increasing integration of AI into daily life has amplified risks to digital privacy, access to information, and online communication, raising concerns about human rights violations. Governments must address these risks by implementing practical measures to ensure safe AI usage and redressing harm caused by unethical practices. This article explores the impact of AI on privacy and human rights, utilizing the 2024 Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI, Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law as a basis for ethical considerations. Employing an analytical methodology, the study examines international charters and national legislation to highlight disparities in addressing AI-related privacy concerns and to identify gaps between global human rights standards and digital technologies. Comparative analysis is conducted to evaluate international and national approaches to AI governance. The findings emphasize the urgent need for unified global standards to protect digital human rights, harmonize AI ethics, and reduce risks associated with AI applications. Recommendations include adopting comprehensive legal frameworks and promoting international cooperation to ensure ethical AI deployment aligned with human rights principles.
Digital Evidence in Human Rights Violations and International Criminal Justice Al-Billeh, Tareq; Al-Hammouri, Ali; Khashashneh, Tawfiq; AL Makhmari, Mohammed; Al Kalbani, Hamad
Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System Vol. 4 No. 3 (2024): Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System
Publisher : Lembaga Contrarius Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53955/jhcls.v4i3.446

Abstract

The rapid development of the use of digital technologies has facilitated access to digital information and evidence. This information and digital evidence are obtained via the Internet, social media or satellite. And may be used to investigate violations of human rights and international criminal law. Therefore, there is a problem of rebalancing between the right to privacy and the use of information and digital evidence in the investigation of violations of human rights and international criminal law. This study has objective of unified universal principles that set out the origins and rules for the use of information and digital evidence in the investigation of violations of human rights and international criminal law. In order to ensure international and national justice and criminal accountability and to document all violations of human rights and international criminal law. The analytical approach will be used through analysis of previous studies on the use of digital information and evidence in the investigation of violations of human rights and international criminal law. And analysis of the Berkeley Protocol on Open-Source Digital Investigations. Several findings and recommendations were reached in this paper, the most important of which is the need for the international community to recognize the information and digital evidence obtained to demonstrate violations of human rights and international criminal law.
Legislative Controls for Disciplinary Penalties Imposed on Public Servants: A Comparative Analysis of Jordanian and French Legal Frameworks Al-Billeh, Tareq
Sriwijaya Law Review Volume 9 Issue 1, January 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28946/slrev.Vol9.Iss1.2777.pp137-156

Abstract

This study examines the legislative framework governing disciplinary penalties imposed on public servants under the Jordanian Civil Service Regulation of 2020 and the French General Civil Service Law of 2021. It seeks to analyze the concept of disciplinary punishment, its legal nature, and the fundamental principles that regulate its application within public administration. Additionally, the research explores the extent of judicial oversight exercised by administrative courts over disciplinary sanctions, ensuring compliance with legal and procedural safeguards. By adopting a comparative approach, the study highlights both the similarities and differences between the Jordanian and French legal systems concerning the imposition of disciplinary penalties and the mechanisms of judicial review applicable to such measures. The findings underscore that while administrative authorities possess discretionary power in selecting disciplinary measures, this discretion must be exercised within the confines of legality, adhering to the principle of proportionality. The study emphasizes that excessive or disproportionate penalties risk judicial intervention, reinforcing the necessity for fair and reasoned decision-making. Furthermore, the research concludes that disciplinary sanctions should be proportionate to the severity of the infraction, with administrative bodies ensuring a clear and precise definition of violations and their circumstances. This clarity facilitates effective judicial oversight and prevents arbitrary or overly punitive disciplinary measures, thus maintaining a balance between administrative authority and legal accountability.
The legal effect of electronic bonds lacking an authenticated signature in Jordanian legislation Albnian, Ahmad; Al-Hammouri, Ali; Al-Billeh, Tareq; Al Makhmari, Mohammed; Belghit, Roua; Himmich, Mohammed Chakib
Jurnal Hukum Novelty Vol. 16 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26555/jhn.v16i1.29437

Abstract

Introduction to the Problem: This study examines the Jordanian legislator's stance on the conditions for electronic signatures, as outlined in the Electronic Transactions Law and the Jordanian Evidence Law. It aims to assess the consistency between the two laws, particularly since the Electronic Transactions Law specifies requirements for electronic signatures, while the Evidence Law remains silent on such conditions. Purpose/Objective Study: This study aims to examine how the recognition and enforceability of electronic bonds vary depending on the type of electronic signature used—specifically comparing authenticated and secured signatures versus unauthenticated yet secured signatures. The analysis will assess the impact of these signatures on the validity and legal standing of electronic bonds, similar to how handwritten signatures affect traditional bonds. Identifying gaps in this relationship will help address potential shortcomings in ensuring authenticity and legal compliance. Design/Methodology/Approach: In this study, we follow two approaches: the descriptive approach in presenting electronic bonds, their types, protection, the validity of an authenticated and protected electronic signature in one hand, and the unauthenticated and unprotected electronic signature. The analytical approach was also relied on. The legal texts regulating the process of electronic bonds and electronic signatures will be reviewed, analyzed, and compared with other laws. Findings: The study highlights how electronic authentication can streamline international trade by reducing documentation costs, provided legal frameworks ensure security and reliability. While Jordan’s Electronic Transactions Law grants e-signatures legal validity, gaps remain in regulating authentication entities. Key recommendations include: (1) establishing an 'electronic examiner' to verify signatures, (2) clarifying certification providers’ liability for data protection, and (3) formalizing government-contractor agreements for authentication services. Strengthening judicial training on digital transactions is also advised to enhance enforcement. Paper Type: Research Article
The International Framework for Cyber-Attacks Under the Rules of International Humanitarian Law Al-Billeh, Tareq; Al-Mudanat, Jessica; Almamari, Abdulaziz; Khashashneh, Tawfiq; Al-Hailat , Odai
Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System
Publisher : Lembaga Contrarius Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53955/jhcls.v5i2.534

Abstract

The research paper analyses the extent of enforcement of the rules of international humanitarian law on perpetrators of cyber-attacks by stating the nature of cyber-attacks and identifying the types of cyber-attacks, highlighting international efforts to regulate cyber-attacks under international humanitarian law, deducing the extent of the suitability of the rules of international humanitarian law that govern cyber-attacks, and determining the extent of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court to punish perpetrators of cyber-attacks. This study followed the analytical and critical approach by reviewing the rules of international humanitarian law and the extent of their applicability to cyber-attacks. Finally, the study came to a conclusion with a list of results and suggestions. The most important of these is that the way international justice is done needs to change completely so that the International Criminal Court can better handle cybercrimes. This is to ensure that the inclusion of cybercrimes under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court aligns with the principles of international humanitarian law, while also highlighting the similarities between cyber weapons and conventional weapons. This is achieved through collaboration between legal and technical experts in addressing the intricacies of cybercrimes, promoting accountability, and bolstering justice in the digital era
The legal protection of domain names in Jordanian legislation and the rules of the unified domain name dispute resolution policy issued by ICANN AL-Khalaileh, Lana; Al-Billeh, Tareq; Manasra, Majd
Jurnal Hukum Novelty Vol. 15 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26555/novelty.v15i1.a28132

Abstract

Introduction to The Problem: The problem of the study was that the Jordanian legislative system is devoid of any special legal regulation or even a system that defines domain names in terms of their nature and means of legal protection for them. There is only the “Registration Policy” that the Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship is implementing to register national domain names. This policy only addresses the technical and procedural aspect of domain name registration without specifying its legal nature.Purpose/Objective Study: The purpose of the study is to illustrate the topic's uniqueness and theoretical and practical significance. Due to the lack of specific regulations in many countries and the rise of cases handled by courts in this area, it presents several practical and legal issues. Therefore, the study aims to shed light on this phenomenon and try to find the best solutions to it in light of Jordanian legislation and the rules of the Unified Policy for Resolving Domain Name Disputes issued by ICANN.Design/Methodology/Approach: In its preparation, the study relies on the descriptive and analytical approach by describing the case, citing relevant legal texts, analyzing them, and applying them to reality. This is done by analyzing the texts of the Jordanian national domain name registration policy and comparing it with the legal texts contained in the rules of the Unified Policy for Resolving Domain Name Disputes issued by the ICANN under study.Findings: The study recommended a number of recommendations, the most important of which is the need to enact legislation specific to national domain names to determine the nature of these names and their legal nature. This legislation also includes provisions for their legal protection, stipulating appropriate legal ways and means to confront the assault on them, and provisions for liability resulting from them.Paper Type: Research Article
Co-Authors Al Kalbani, Hamad AL Makhmari, Mohammed Al-Hailat , Odai Al-Hammouri, Ali AL-Khalaileh, Lana Al-Mudanat, Jessica Albnian, Ahmad Almamari, Abdulaziz Belghit, Roua Himmich, Mohammed Chakib Hmaidan, Ruba Khashashneh, Tawfiq Manasra, Majd