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Hassan, Waqed H.
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Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture

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Artificial Recharge of an Unconfined Aquifer Using Treated Wastewater as a Climate Change Mitigation Strategy Mukheef, Rana A. H.; Hassan, Waqed H.; Alquzweeni, S.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 10 (2024): Special Issue "Sustainable Infrastructure and Structural Engineering: Innovations in
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2024-010-016

Abstract

Worldwide groundwater extraction has increased dramatically during the past six decades. Water scarcity will affect 1.4 billion people in around 48 nations by 2025. Iraq is experiencing an unparalleled and severe water crisis due to various factors, including climate changes, insufficient rainfall, the policies of neighboring nations, and the increased demand resulting from population expansion. The research area (Dibdiba aquifer) is in Iraq, in the middle between Najaf and Karbala. It was observed that farmers had abandoned numerous wells as a result of the decline in their water levels. Groundwater is the water resource for the region, and due to high agricultural and industrial demand, the Dibdiba aquifer is facing groundwater depletion. This study utilized climatic datasets projected under two scenarios obtained from CMIP6 and the Groundwater Modeling System (GMS). The objective was to evaluate the effect of projected climate change on the quantity of groundwater. Artificial recharge of treated wastewater from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Kerbala into groundwater aquifers has proven to be an effective method of mitigating groundwater depletion while providing a sustainable water supply. Eleven wells are distributed randomly within the research area; each of them is located within the unconfined aquifer. The groundwater levels in these wells were measured in situ from July 2023 to April 2024. The model was run for steady and unsteady flow conditions, and calibration at steady state was carried out using the groundwater head data for (7) wells. These seven wells were selected to represent the whole research region as well as shorten the simulation run duration in the calibration process. On the other hand, the transient calibration was performed employing measurements of groundwater heads for four wells. Calibration and validation results indicated convergence between the observed and simulated heads. The modeling findings showed that the increment in groundwater level is about 1.0, 1.85, and 2.25 m with artificial recharge of about 6000 m³/day, 9000 m³/day, and 12000 m³/day, respectively. The above findings illustrate the ability of artificial recharge as a highly promising strategy for addressing the water depletion and environmental issues in the Dibdiba aquifer. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2024-010-016 Full Text: PDF
Effect of Climate Change on Wetland Areas in West Iraq Using Satellite Data and GIS Techniques Hassan, Waqed H.; Khazaal, Suhail T.; Al-Shammari, Musa H.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 10, No 9 (2024): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-09-013

Abstract

Iraq is considered to amongst those countries in the Middle Eastern region that are most exposed to the effects of climate change, which will have notable effects on wet areas and lakes. Natural or industrial water resources must be paid particular attention due to their importance in preserving environmental and biological systems, in addition to their economic and social importance. As a result of the effects of climatic change, water resources in Iraq have seen a multitude of changes. The aim of this study is to determine changes in the wetland area around AL-Razzaza Lake, Karbala province, Iraq, during the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2023. Landsat 5 satellite data from 2000, 2005, and 2010, and Landsat 8 and 9 data for 2015 and 2023, respectively, were used in this analysis, which was conducted using NDWI as a free, open-source program (ArcMap 10.8) to detect these changes; NDWI is a natural water anisotropy index used to detect the surface area of bodies of water in satellite images. The results revealed a clear decrease throughout the study period, as the wetland area of the lake in 2000 was 1189.7 km2, which represents a decrease of 34.3% compared to the total area of the lake (1810 km2); it decreased by 52.7% in 2005 (855.5 km2) and continued to decrease for 2010, 2015, and 2023, by 79.2%, 80%, and 85%, (376.5 km2, 362.9 km2, and 270.4 km2, respectively). The wetland area of Al-Razzaza Lake decreased between 2000 and 2023 by 919.3 km2, that is, an average of 40 km2per year. It was found that the lake wetland area sharply declined over the study period due to a lack of water surface resources via the Euphrates River, as well as climatic changes and poor water resource management. It is anticipated that the lake will lose more than half its current wetland area by 2040 if the current decline continues. These results are considered important in terms of preparing a strategic plan to preserve water bodies and wet areas in Iraq, including Al-Razzaza Lake. Remote sensing and GIS technologies have played a major and essential role in detecting such changes. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-09-013 Full Text: PDF
Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Base Course Binder Incorporating GGBFS and Spent FCC Catalyst Rasheed, Sajjad E.; Hassan, Waqed H.; Fattah, Mohammed Y.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 11, No 3 (2025): March
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-012

Abstract

This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst as partial cement replacements in pavement base course materials. Various blends of GGBFS and FCC catalyst were evaluated as binders for unbound granular base (UGB) material, with total binder content fixed at 10% by weight. Mechanical properties were assessed through unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and splitting tensile strength tests at 3, 7, 28, and 56 days. Microstructural analysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results indicate that an optimal blend of 60% FCC and 40% GGBS achieved the highest UCS of 9.6 MPa at 56 days, exceeding typical requirements for cement-treated base materials. All investigated mix proportions surpassed the minimum 28-day strength requirement of 4 MPa for pavement base applications. Splitting tensile strength results corroborated compressive strength trends, with enhanced tensile-to-compressive strength ratios suggesting improved crack resistance potential. Microstructural analysis revealed a dense, well-reacted cementitious system supporting the observed mechanical performance. These findings demonstrate the technical feasibility and potential environmental benefits of incorporating high volumes of GGBS and spent FCC catalyst in pavement base materials, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional cement-based binders. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-03-012 Full Text: PDF
Co-Authors Al-Shammari, Musa H. Alquzweeni, S. Fattah, Mohammed Y. Khazaal, Suhail T. Mukheef, Rana A. H. Rasheed, Sajjad E.