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Coconut Shell-Based Briquettes for Sustainable Energy: A Bibliometric Study on Biomass Mixtures and Binder Materials Darmawan, Ridho; Dewantoro, Awaly Ilham; Mardawati, Efri
International Journal of Applied Sciences and Smart Technologies Volume 07, Issue 2, December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Sanata Dharma

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24071/ijasst.v7i2.12668

Abstract

Coconut shell is one of the potential biomass resources that has been widely developed as a raw material for briquettes to support renewable energy initiatives and circular economy practices. This study aimed to explore the development, research focus, and future directions of cocomut shell briquette through a systematic literature review. The Methodi Ordinatio approach was employed for analysis, resulting in a final portfolio of 134 selected documents, which were the further examined to identify trends and research gaps. The findings showed that mixturing coconut shell with other biomass such as from wood-based and agricultural-based residues could enhance the briquette performance. Moreover, alternative binders such as lignocellulosic carbohydrate and its derivatives, plant sap, and waste cooking oil offered promising subsitutes for food-based materials. Oily biomass, such as eucalyptus wastes and pine resin, was also found to improve briquette performance due to its volatile content. In addition, the integration of automation technologies based on microcontrolers and the Internet of Things (IoT) began to applied to improve production efficiency and consistency. It is expected that the findings of this study can serve as a foundation for future development focused on material formulation and technological innovations for coconut shell-based briquette production that are more efficient, sustainable, and responsive to future energy needs.
Optimization of Propolis and Vegetable Oils-based Soap Formulation to Enhance Product Quality and Antioxidant Properties 'Aisy, Rahadatul; Mardawati, Efri; Fitriana, Hana Nur; Dewantoro, Awaly Ilham; Nurliasari, Desy
Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics Vol 4, Issue 2, May - August, 2022
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/idjp.v4i2.41229

Abstract

Consumers demanded the quality of solid soap for the bath were having a solid texture, high foam stability, and fulfillment of the national quality standard in SNI 3522:2021. Soap characteristics and quality are affected by soap bases and the existence of natural additive matter with antioxidant properties such as propolis extracts. The study aims to determine an optimum formula for soap production using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken experimental design. The research conducted in several stages, its consist to propolis extraction, soap formulation and production, RSM analysis towards predetermined responses, model validation, and products characterization (in optimum formulation). Optimized factors consist of the content of propolis extracts, coconut oils, palm oils, and olive oils, while the response was moisture content, foam stability, and antioxidant inhibition. The results showed each response has a significant model to get an optimum formula for propolis extracts soap production. The optimum formula for soap production requires 1.545 g propolis extracts, 13.097 g coconut oils, 29.629 g palm oils, and 29.809 g olive oils with the model validation for each response were 95.5% moisture content, 96.5% foam stability, and 97.5% antioxidant inhibition. Soap characterization in the optimum formula fulfilled the quality standard requirement in SNI 3522:2021 its consists of 20.24% moisture content, 2.22% insoluble ingredients in ethanol, and 0.07% free alkali content. Keywords: Box-Behnken Design, Formula Optimization, Propolis Extracts, RSM, Solid Soap.