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All Journal Pubmedia Social Sciences and Humanities Indonesian Journal of Public Administration Review
Anvar , Allamuratov
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Economics, Econometrics & Finance Environmental Science Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Physics Social Sciences

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Amir Temur's State and It’s Department Anvar , Allamuratov
Indonesian Journal of Public Administration Review Vol. 2 No. 1 (2024): November
Publisher : Indonesian Journal Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47134/par.v2i1.3244

Abstract

This study explores the governance system and administrative reforms implemented by Amir Timur, drawing from historical texts that highlight his consolidation of power and state-building efforts. Initially adopting Mongol administrative structures, Timur gradually reformed these systems to create a highly centralised state apparatus. Amir Timur’s state-building initiatives merged traditional Central Asian governance models with the Mongol administrative legacy. Initially adopting the Mongol structure, Timur later implemented extensive reforms to centralise authority and strengthen his empire. He established a complex administrative system divided into seven ministries, each responsible for functions such as taxation, trade, and justice. Timur's governance was deeply influenced by Islamic principles, emphasising sharia law and council deliberations to ensure stability. The "suyurgol" system allowed Timur to distribute land holdings among his descendants while retaining centralized control over key resources and military power. Through a blend of military conquests and diplomatic alliances, Timur expanded his empire, integrating vast territories and securing vital trade routes along the Silk Road, contributing to a unified and prosperous state.
The Civil Society of Ancient Rome Anvar , Allamuratov
Pubmedia Social Sciences and Humanities Vol. 2 No. 2 (2024): Oktober
Publisher : Indonesian Journal Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47134/pssh.v2i2.283

Abstract

The article explores the Roman concept of civitas, which defined their society as a civil collective bound by shared rights, duties, politics, religion, and ideology. Cicero described civitas as encompassing common laws, justice, and social ties. Unlike Greek polis, Roman citizenship was managed by high magistrates like the censor, emphasizing a hierarchical structure. Roman voting operated on a "one centuria - one vote" principle, differing from the Greek model, and Romans extended more rights to outsiders. Land ownership linked citizenship, with communal land (ager publicus) available for rent. The city boundary (pomerium) had religious importance, protecting civic life. The Romans valued freedom (libertas) and upheld collective values like dignity, courage, and piety. Ancestral customs (mores maiorum) and historical memory were central, maintained through ceremonies and funerary traditions. Debate exists on whether the Roman civitas was a state, with differing views across German, Anglo-American, and Southern European historians. Scholars also disagree on how long the civitas remained a polis-like entity, with opinions ranging from its decline in the 1st century BC to its influence in the Mediterranean empire.
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