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Navigating the smart contract threat landscape: a systematic review Ibekwe, Unyime Ufok; Mbanaso, Uche M.; Nnanna, Nwojo Agwu; Ibrahim, Umar Adam
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vol 37, No 2: February 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v37.i2.pp1209-1224

Abstract

Smart contracts have emerged as a transformative technology within the blockchain ecosystem, facilitating the automated and trustless execution of agreements. Their adoption spans diverse sectors such as education, agriculture, healthcare, government, real estate, transportation, supply chain, and global initiatives like Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). However, the security of smart contracts has become a significant concern, as vulnerabilities in their design and implementation can lead to severe consequences such as financial losses and system failures. This systematic review consolidates findings from 78 selected research articles, identifying key vulnerabilities affecting smart contracts and categorizing them into a taxonomy encompassing code-level, environment-dependent, and user-related vulnerabilities. It also examines the threats that exploit these vulnerabilities and the most effective detection techniques. The domain-based classification presented in this review aims to assist researchers, software engineers, and developers in identifying and mitigating significant security flaws related to the design, implementation, and deployment of smart contracts. A comprehensive understanding of these issues is essential for enhancing the security and reliability of the blockchain ecosystem, ultimately fostering the development of more secure and robust decentralized applications for end users.
A Comprehensive Survey of Insider Threat Landscape and Detection Indicators Akinsola, Fatai A.; Ogwueleka, Francisca N.; Mbanaso, Uche M.
Kwaghe International Journal of Engineering and Information Technology Vol 2 No 3 (2025): Kwaghe International Journal of Engineering and Information Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijeit.v2i3.7704

Abstract

The persistence of insider attacks underscores the inadequacy of existing organizational defense strategies, particularly those that fail to prioritize the human element in cybersecurity planning. While external threats have traditionally dominated security frameworks, this study highlights the growing risk posed by internal actors due to the general absence of comprehensive insider threat strategies. Inadequate attention to insider threats can result in significant breaches, including data theft, information leakage, fraud, sabotage, and espionage. This study reviews the underlying factors and indicators that increase organizational vulnerability to insider attacks, categorizing various insider threat types and analyzing recent cases to illustrate their operational and reputational impacts. It also examines current tactics, frameworks, and best practices developed by cybersecurity professionals to counter this threat. Key detection indicators identified in the study reveal how insider activities may expand the attack surface, posing critical risks to digitally-enabled business operations. The findings offer practical guidance for cybersecurity practitioners, emphasizing the importance of integrating behavioral, organizational, and technological indicators into the design of insider threat detection and prevention systems. The study also calls for ethical consideration in monitoring employee activities, advocating for a balance between threat mitigation and the preservation of individual rights, dignity, and workplace trust.