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All Journal International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Zaki, Fayez Wanis
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Computer Science & IT Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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Performance of 5G and Wi-Fi 6 coexistence: spectrum sharing based on optimized duty cycle Zaid, Asmaa Helmy; Zaki, Fayez Wanis; Nafea, Hala Bahy-Eldeen
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 15, No 1: February 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v15i1.pp386-400

Abstract

Smart mobile device usage is increasing rapidly; hence, cellular operators face the challenge of spectrum resource shortage. To address this issue, researchers have explored several approaches to achieving a highly efficient utilization of wireless communication network resources. One promising solution lies in the fair coexistence of 5G/Wi-Fi 6 in the unlicensed 5 GHz band. This research investigates a duty cycle mechanism to perform fair spectrum sharing between these two wireless technologies, intending to optimize performance metrics such as throughput, capacity, bit error rate (BER), and latency. The results of this study demonstrate a significant improvement in system performance when employing the proposed coexistence method compared to using 5G alone in a single cell. Specifically, a 40% increase in throughput and a 14% improvement in capacity are reported. Moreover, for a single cell using Wi-Fi 6 only, the BER was reduced by 19%, and the latency was less than one millisecond. Additionally, the duty cycle mechanism reported here is used to prioritize call services, with the blocking probability for voice-over internet protocol (VoIP) and video stream calls being improved. Furthermore, the adaptive bandwidth reservation reduced the blocking probability of video calls from 21.8% to 0.9% compared to the fixed method; no VoIP calls were blocked.
Breast cancer detection using ensemble methods Ghazy, Alaa Mohamed; Nafea, Hala Bahy; Zaki, Fayez Wanis; Amer, Hanan Mohamed
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 15, No 6: December 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v15i6.pp5633-5646

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers among women. This study's framework is divided into three phases. Firstly, a majority hard voting approach is used to apply an ensemble classification mechanism as a decision fusion technique on the level of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Five pre-trained CNNs—visual geometry group 19 (VGG19), densely connected convolutional network 201 (DenseNet201), residual network 50 (ResNet50), mobile network version 2 (MobileNetV2), and inception version 3 (InceptionV3)—are evaluated, using a data splitting test ratio represents 30% of the total dataset. Secondly, the classification results of the five CNNs are compared to get the best-performance model. Then, seven state of art machine classifiers—decision tree (DT), histogram-based gradient boosting classifier (HGB), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), logistic regression (LR), gradient boosting (GB), and extreme gradient boosting (XGB)—are used to improve system performance on the feature vector that was taken from this CNN model. Thirdly, to improve robustness, a majority hard voting technique is used at the external classifier level using the highest four classifiers selected based on their accuracy. Several experiments were conducted in this study, and the results showed that ResNet50 produced the best results in terms of precision and accuracy. The majority voting mechanism improves the system’s accuracy to 99.85% through CNNs and to 100% through traditional classifiers.
Co-Authors Amer, Hanan Mohamed Ghazy, Alaa Mohamed Nafea, Hala Bahy Nafea, Hala Bahy-Eldeen Zaid, Asmaa Helmy