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All Journal Refleksi: Jurnal Kajian Agama dan Filsafat
Hasan, Mohammad Nuh
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Social Sciences

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Respons Positif Teologi Kristen Protestan terhadap Sekularisasi Di Dunia Barat Modern Hasan, Mohammad Nuh
Refleksi: Jurnal Kajian Agama dan Filsafat Vol. 21 No. 2 (2022): Refleksi
Publisher : Faculty of Ushuluddin Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/ref.v21i2.29035

Abstract

This article discusses how Protestant Christian theology responds to the strengthening of the secularization phenomenon. The positive response with various styles of theological reflection illustrates that the Protestant Christian theology figures above, starting from Karl Barth, Rudolf Bultmann, Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Paul Tillich, are the efforts of theologians to try to bridge the gap or gap in cultural rationality between the cultures of the classical era in where the texts of the scriptures were written with modern Western culture today. These theologians include those who give a positive response in dealing with the phenomenon of secularization in the West. However, their response actually has a style that is more or less different in their way of thinking. Although Karl Barth proposed an advanced mode of reflection, he was still bound by his orthodoxy, so that he was nicknamed "neo-orthodox". Rudolf Bultmann was more liberal with his "Demythologized" ideas. Dietrich Bonhoeffer had already begun to advocate a secular Christian interpretation, and Paul Tillich had further advocated a correlational theological approach to religion and culture. Next, Harvey Cox further tries to construct a more comprehensive reflection of Secularization theology, that the secular world is a world in which Christians are mature people. As a sign, Jesus' death on the cross is a symbol, that he has left his absoluteness, his supernatural being, to become a secular "God".
Teologi Pembebasan Masyarakat Sekuler: Refleksi Pemikiran Harvey Cox Hasan, Mohammad Nuh
Refleksi: Jurnal Kajian Agama dan Filsafat Vol. 6 No. 2 (2004): Refleksi
Publisher : Faculty of Ushuluddin Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/ref.v6i2.37823

Abstract

This article examines the background of the emergence of liberation theology within secular society. The rapid advancement of Western civilization, particularly its profound impact on value systems and religion, has become a topic of discussion in Christian theology, as Christianity is the religion most closely associated with the development of modern Western society. Conservative theologians view such phenomena as inherently negative and continue to uphold orthodoxy. Meanwhile, some taking a liberal approach see it as a positive reality. The process of secularization is not viewed as inherently antagonistic to the existence of religion, but rather as a sign of progress in human consciousness that is fundamentally rooted in the Bible. Figures such as Friedrich Gogarten, Rudolf Bultmann, John A.T. Robinson, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, including Harvey Cox, belong to the latter group. Among these figures, Harvey Cox is the most outspoken proponent of secularization theology, particularly in his monumental work: “The Secular City: Secularization and Urbanization in Theological Perspective” (1965).
Teologi Pembebasan di Amerika Latin: Perspektif Sosiologi Marxis Hasan, Mohammad Nuh
Refleksi: Jurnal Kajian Agama dan Filsafat Vol. 4 No. 3 (2002): Refleksi
Publisher : Faculty of Ushuluddin Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/ref.v4i3.44937

Abstract

Liberation Theology in Latin America emerges as a theological reflection shaped by a socio-political context characterized by oppression, economic disparity, and cultural alienation. This theological movement seeks three interrelated forms of liberation: first, liberation from economic, social, and political oppression; second, liberation from institutionalized violence and dehumanization; and third, spiritual liberation from sin, enabling communion with God and humanity. However, its application has sparked controversy due to its Marxist analytical approach, which promotes political revolution, justifies violence, and challenges ecclesiastical authority. Critics argue that this theological perspective aligns with atheistic, materialistic, radical, and anti-capitalist ideologies, positioning it in opposition to Western thought.
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