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All Journal Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia
Febrimarsa Febrimarsa
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology

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Review on Pre-clinical Antimicrobial Assay Febrimarsa, Febrimarsa
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol. 21 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v21i1.5374

Abstract

Pre-clinical antimicrobial testing is one costly step in antimicrobial drugs development. Costly effective methods in performing the in vitro and in vivo assay as part of pre-clinical stage is critical. We reviewed the current development of this stage. We found that standardization of agar diffusion techniques and measurement of minimal inhibitory concentrations in broth dilution methods serve as the primary reference for in vitro antimicrobial testing. In vivo, moral issues, ethics, costs, and the correlation of using animal models with human physiological conditions enforce us to seek alternative systems or animal models. Organ-on-a-Chip (OC) emerges as an ethically sound alternative system, yet in terms of cost and simulation of physiological conditions, there is still much progress to be made. Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and waxmoth (Galleria mellonella) are currently the main alternative animal models that are more affordable, simple, and ethically sound compared to worms, silkworms, mice, and primates. Artemia spp. and Hydractinia spp. have the potential to become new alternative animal models in simulating microbial infections and the efficacies of the antimicrobial that fight against it in the future.
Antibiotic Adjuvants from Natural Resources against Multi-Drug Resistance Bacteria Febrimarsa, Febrimarsa; Hatini, Lutfiah; Herabare, Regita Aulia; Sofia, Revina Gina
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Volume 22, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.13399

Abstract

The rise of multi-drug resistant bacteria signals the end of the antibiotic era, a global threat confirmed by the World Health Organization. Bacteria have evolved sophisticated resistance mechanisms, such as target modification, enzymatic drug inactivation, efflux pumps, and biofilm formation, which render many first-line antibiotics ineffective. In response, combination therapy has emerged as a critical strategy, historically proven effective in treating infections caused by pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Helicobacter pylori. This paper explores the use of natural compounds as antibiotic adjuvants to enhance or restore the efficacy of existing antibiotics. The success of Clavulanic Acid, a natural product combined with amoxicillin, serves as a prime example of this approach. Investigating the vast biodiversity of natural resources, such as those found in Indonesia, offers a promising avenue for discovering novel adjuvants. While numerous in vitro studies have identified promising combinations, translating these findings into successful animal models and clinical therapies remains a significant challenge.
Co-Authors Hatini, Lutfiah Herabare, Regita Aulia Sofia, Revina Gina