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All Journal JOURNAL OF APPLIED INFORMATICS AND COMPUTING Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi
Rauhil Fahmi
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Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering

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Evaluating Image Recognition Accuracy in Explicit Content Detection: A Comparative Study with Indonesian Perceptions Fahmi, Rauhil; Utama, Deni; Pratama, Muhammad Ridho Kurniawan
Journal of Applied Informatics and Computing Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026): February 2026
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30871/jaic.v10i1.11934

Abstract

This study evaluates image recognition accuracy in explicit content detection by using the Indonesian social context as a comparative reference. Google Vision SafeSearch is employed as a representative automated image recognition system widely used in online content moderation. Although such systems provide efficiency in detecting adult, violent, or racy content, challenges arise when their detection outputs must align with more conservative cultural and religious norms, such as those in Indonesia. A quantitative descriptive-comparative method was applied by testing six representative images based on SafeSearch explicit content categories (adult, racy, violence, medical, and spoof) and comparing the automated detections with Indonesian respondents’ perceptions collected through a Likert-scale questionnaire. Statistical analysis shows a significant difference between the system’s explicit content classifications and human perceptions, with respondents consistently rating explicitness higher than Google Vision API. Despite this difference, a strong Spearman rank correlation indicates that Google Vision SafeSearch is consistent in ranking explicit content levels, although still limited in capturing emotional intensity and cultural sensitivity. These findings highlight how Indonesian social and cultural norms shape the perception of explicit imagery, emphasizing the need for image recognition systems that incorporate local contextual factors.
Test-First Protocol for Deriving Unit Tests from Use Case Specifications Muhammad Ridho Kurniawan Pratama; Deni Utama; Rauhil Fahmi
Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi Vol 15 No 1: Februari 2026
Publisher : This journal is published by the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jnteti.v15i1.24073

Abstract

Early and systematic derivation of unit test scenarios remains challenging in software engineering, particularly in aligning functional requirements with executable tests. Graduate-level observations reveal that most students operate without granular traceability, standardized structures, or alternate flow testing. This study explored a structured test-first protocol that transformed use case specifications into coverage-aware test scenarios by applying object-oriented analysis and design principles. The protocol integrated sequence diagrams via behavioral modeling. Internal logic was extracted from sequence diagrams and visualized using control flow graphs. Basis path testing identified independent paths, serving as foundations for deriving unit test cases using the arrange-act-assert pattern. The “Pay the Order” use case in a hypothetical e-commerce system demonstrated the feasibility of the protocol. Cyclomatic complexity analysis yielded a complexity of 2, indicating that two independent test paths were required for complete coverage. The protocol successfully derived two-unit test cases with 100% basis path coverage, demonstrating complete traceability from functional requirements to unit test scenarios with one-to-one mapping between control flow paths and test cases. Results highlight the protocol’s ability to support early verification and validation processes. Unlike prior works focused on automated system-level test generation, this protocol offers a lightweight, human-centric approach promoting testability, traceability, and strong semantic alignment between requirements and implementation. The protocol is well-suited for educational settings and environments that prioritize traceability. Future research should pursue empirical validation, scalability investigations, semi-automated tool development, domain generalization across paradigms, and longitudinal impact assessment.
Co-Authors Deni Utama Muhammad Ridho Kurniawan Pratama Pratama, Muhammad Ridho Kurniawan Utama, Deni