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All Journal International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences
Thapa, Santa Bahadur
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Religion Humanities Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Social Sciences

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The Intricate Dynamics of Democratic Crises in Least Developed Countries Thapa, Santa Bahadur
International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences Vol 3 No 1 (2025): International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ijhess.v3i1.4770

Abstract

This paper explores how the economic crisis, lack of education, political corruption, and Western intervention contribute to declines in overall democratization in developing or LDC nations. Using a comparative analysis of case studies from various regions, the study analyzes cross-cutting trends and deviations in democratic backsliding. This paper suggests how economic instability either originates in or feeds resource scarcity and instability in local and world markets, resulting in a downward spiral of poverty, unemployment, and social unrest that can destroy public confidence in democratic institutions. Keeping the access to education to the masses low, with the representatives disengaging from their voters, makes the individuals vulnerable and weak, making democracy weak. One example is political corruption, which abuses power for personal gain, undermining public trust and confidence in democratic governance. The trajectory where this was at that point could be influenced by external actors, like foreign aid or structural adjustment programs from international financial institutions, that perpetuate dependency and, if the terms of those loans are not met, impose austerity packages that shrink democracy. This paper contributes to the academic literature on LDCs challenged by crisis redeems in democracies by highlighting processes over multiple years that determine crises as the formation of social, economic, political, or external tensions involving three interconnected levels of operations of tensions: social, economic, and political; political and external; and financial and external. Such insights illustrate the urgency for holistic solutions that confront the causes of democratic deterioration and enable the US to build sustained support that is successful against those most at risk.
The Impact of Factionalism on Political Parties in Nepal Thapa, Santa Bahadur
International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences Vol 3 No 1 (2025): International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ijhess.v3i1.4915

Abstract

This paper explores factionalism in Nepalese political parties and its causes and effects on party factions. Nepal’s political culture is rife with factionalism, splinter groups, and power struggles. The paper traces the historical development of factionalization from ideological conflict and personal rivalry. The paper segments society into groups based on ideology, personality, geography, and one-off issues. It analyzes the negative impact of factionalism on party discipline, stability, policymaking, and government. This paper examines the social non-linearities of leadership in factionalism and shows how their presence makes effective leadership essential to combatting factionalism's effects. This case study of major Nepalese political parties is technically an objective and practical demonstration of factionalism. A global perspective can enhance many of the firm conclusions based on case studies of factionalism within political parties in various countries. The paper suggests ways of dealing with and tackling the issue of factionalism, including the importance of keeping its internal democracy and communication and showing how to deal with elements that would not help. The paper concludes with possible driving factors behind this exclusive mirage of a political system. It suggests a few essential recommendations to subdue factionalism, like strengthening leadership, intra-party democracy, improving the legislative mechanisms, etc. It essentially places the responsibility on concern for factionalism, which can stymie effective government and dilute the moral legitimacy of democracy in Nepal.
The Detrimental Effects of Ineffective Foreign Policies on Democracy Thapa, Santa Bahadur
International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences Vol 3 No 2 (2025): International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ijhess.v3i2.5127

Abstract

This paper examines the complex interplay of foreign policy and democracy, detailing how one nation's foreign policy can profoundly influence its democratic base. While shrewd foreign policy can reinforce democratic governance, economic growth, and international cooperation, misplaced or incompetent foreign policy will undermine trust in the public, destabilize institutions, and lay the groundwork for authoritarianism. This paper reviews how failed foreign policies underlie the crisis in democracy, engaging with literature from various regions. Mistakes in foreign policy can lead to serious repercussions, including economic decline, social unrest, loss of a nation’s reputation and credibility, and alienation of public trust. Building on its analysis of the correlation between foreign policy miscalculations and democratic decay,  the paper uses the specific examples of US intervention in Iraq, Russian aggression toward Ukraine, Saudi engagement in Yemen, and Chinese adventurism in the Indo-Pacific to illustrate how elite foreign policy failures have ushered in democratic backsliding and a decline of democratic norms and institutions throughout their societies. The paper concludes that responsible and effective foreign policy is based on democratic values, respect for human rights, and international cooperation. These policies allow nations to create democracy at home and promote a more peaceful, prosperous world.
Dragon's Shadow: China's Influence and Erosion of Democracy in Southeast Asia Thapa, Santa Bahadur
International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences Vol 3 No 2 (2025): International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ijhess.v3i2.6059

Abstract

This article explores China’s growing presence in Southeast Asia and aims to look beyond the standard geopolitical mischief to appreciate its nuance. It spotlights “Complex Dependency,” under which Southeast Asian states ride the coattails of China’s rise even as it threatens to corrode democratic norms. A qualitative research approach is followed in the study, and literature review and case studies are dealt with critically and interpretively. Among the key findings, there is evidence that China's economic cooperation, political strategies, and cultural diplomacy influence democratization. Chinese investment, primarily through the Belt and Road Initiative, can drive economic development without democratic or human rights oversight, which may lead to supporting autocratic regimes. The paper submits that this deepening dependence on China, with its characteristic assertiveness, undermines the pattern of delicate regional democracies, subtly hollowing out democracy norms and practices. Maintaining a proper balance between economic benefits and democratic values should be based on a well-informed interpretation of “Complex Dependency”.
The Impact of Political Factionalism on Diplomacy: A Comparative Analysis Thapa, Santa Bahadur
International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences Vol 3 No 3 (2025): International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ijhess.v3i3.6935

Abstract

This study investigates the joint effects of factionalism within opposition groups and states on state strategies in diplomatic negotiations, focusing on how alignments across factional lines influence both internal cohesion and bargaining dynamics at the peace table. The theoretical framework posits that a state’s similarity to its regime and opposition factions significantly shapes negotiation outcomes, including the initiation, nature, and durability of peace agreements. The analysis advances three key propositions: first, states are more likely to engage in symbolic rather than substantive negotiations when their regimes align with at least one opposition faction; second, greater convergence of interests between regime and opposition factions increases the likelihood of reaching peace agreements; and third, conflicts marked by such similarity are more likely to result in compliance with agreements compared to cases without such alignment. Employing a comparative case study methodology, the research examines historical civil conflicts including the Salvadoran Civil War, the Nicaraguan Contra insurgency, the Guatemalan Civil War, the Honduran Contra War, and Algeria’s civil conflict. The findings demonstrate that regime–opposition similarity exerts a stronger influence on negotiation dynamics, agreement formation, and compliance than opposition similarity with third-party actors, offering new insights into the political mechanics of conflict resolution.
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