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All Journal Leges Privatae Ipso Jure
Tuhumury, Harry A
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Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Other

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Consumer Protection in Digital Transactions: An Evaluation of Regulation and the Effectiveness of Law Enforcement Anwar, Anwar; Dabamona, Samsudin Arifin; Tuhumury, Harry A
Leges Privatae Vol. 1 No. 6 (2025): APRIL-JOY
Publisher : PT. Anagata Sembagi Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62872/9x7nf695

Abstract

This study examines the protection of consumers in digital transactions in Indonesia by evaluating existing regulations and the effectiveness of law enforcement. With the rapid expansion of Indonesia’s digital economy, consumer rights face increasing challenges due to gaps in legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms. Key laws analysed include the Consumer Protection Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and the Personal Data Protection Law. While these regulations lay foundational protections, they often lack specificity and adaptability to the dynamic digital marketplace. The enforcement landscape is constrained by limited resources, fragmented institutional coordination, and insufficient judicial expertise, which hamper effective resolution of consumer disputes. A comparative analysis with jurisdictions such as the European Union and Singapore reveals best practices in regulatory clarity, empowered supervisory bodies, and consumer education that Indonesia could adopt. Empirical data highlights the urgency of reform as digital transactions and related consumer complaints grow rapidly. The study recommends legislative updates tailored to digital commerce, enhanced enforcement capacity through specialised authorities, and strengthened consumer awareness initiatives. These measures aim to establish a more robust and responsive consumer protection system, fostering trust and fairness in Indonesia’s digital economy. The findings contribute to ongoing discourse on balancing innovation and consumer rights in the digital age.
Legal Protection for Minority Shareholders in Limited Liability Companies According to the PT Law Polontoh, Herry; Fadhilah, Nurul; Tuhumury, Harry A; Sembiring, Tamaulina Br
Ipso Jure Vol. 1 No. 12 (2025): Ipso Jure - January
Publisher : PT. Anagata Sembagi Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62872/d5ryed86

Abstract

Minority shareholders play an important role in the ownership structure of Limited Liability Companies (PT), but often face challenges due to the dominance of majority shareholders. This power imbalance threatens minority rights such as access to information, dividend distribution, and voting rights in General Meetings of Shareholders (GMS). Law No. 40/2007 on Limited Liability Companies (PT Law) provides legal protection for minority shareholders, but its implementation still faces obstacles such as weak supervision, lack of legal understanding, and regulatory gaps. This research uses a normative juridical method to analyze legal protection for minority shareholders, including a review of legal norms, doctrines, and court decisions. The results show that although the Company Law has provided a legal foundation, there are still gaps between ideal norms and business practices, such as manipulation of GMS results by the majority or limited transparency. Regulatory reform is needed to strengthen supervision, increase sanctions, and adopt international best practices, such as appraisal rights in the United States. These measures are expected to create more inclusive, fair and sustainable corporate governance, while increasing investor confidence in Indonesia's capital market.
Co-Authors Anwar Anwar Dabamona, Samsudin Arifin Herry M. Polontoh Nurul Fadhilah Tamaulina Br Sembiring