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All Journal International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization
Ramli, Muhammad Izzad
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Computer Science & IT Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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Revisiting self-supervised contrastive learning for imbalanced classification Gao, Xiaoling; Ramli, Muhammad Izzad; Rosli, Marshima Mohd; Jamil, Nursuriati; Ariffin, Syed Mohd Zahid Syed Zainal
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 15, No 2: April 2025
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v15i2.pp1949-1960

Abstract

Class imbalance remains a formidable challenge in machine learning, particularly affecting fields that depend on accurate classification across skewed datasets, such as medical imaging and software defect prediction. Traditional approaches often fail to adequately address the underrepresentation of minority classes, leading to models that exhibit high performance on majority classes but have poor performance on critical minority classes. Self-supervised contrastive learning has become an extremely encouraging method for this issue, enabling the utilization of unlabeled data to generate robust and generalizable models. This paper reviews the advancements in self-supervised contrastive learning for imbalanced classification, focusing on methodologies that enhance model performance through innovative contrastive loss functions and data augmentation strategies. By pulling similar instances closer and pushing dissimilar ones apart, these techniques help mitigate the biases inherent in imbalanced datasets. We critically analyze the effectiveness of these methods in diverse scenarios and propose future research directions aimed at refining these approaches for broader application in real-world settings. This review serves as a guide for researchers exploring the potential of contrastive learning to address class imbalances, highlighting recent successes and identifying crucial gaps that need addressing.
A Comparative Analysis of Combination of CNN-Based Models with Ensemble Learning on Imbalanced Data Gao, Xiaoling; Jamil, Nursuriati; Ramli, Muhammad Izzad; Syed Zainal Ariffin, Syed Mohd Zahid
JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization Vol 8, No 1 (2024)
Publisher : Society of Visual Informatics

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62527/joiv.8.1.2194

Abstract

This study investigates the usefulness of the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) in conjunction with convolutional neural network (CNN) models, which include both single and ensemble classifiers. The objective of this research is to handle the difficulty of multi-class imbalanced image classification. The application of SMOTE in imbalanced picture datasets is still underexplored, even though CNNs have been shown to be successful in image classification and that ensemble learning approaches have improved their performance. To investigate whether or not SMOTE can increase classification accuracy and other performance measures when combined with CNN-based classifiers, our research makes use of a CIFAR-10 dataset that has been artificially step-imbalanced and has varying imbalanced ratios. We conducted experiments using five distinct models, namely AdaBoost, XGBoost, standalone CNN, CNN-AdaBoost, and CNN-XGBoost, on datasets that were either imbalanced or SMOTE-balanced. Metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were included in the evaluation process. The findings indicate that SMOTE dramatically improves the accuracy of minority classes, and that the combination of ensemble classifiers with CNNs and oversampling techniques significantly improves overall classification performance, particularly in situations when there is a high-class imbalance. When it comes to enhancing imbalanced classification tasks, this study demonstrates the potential of merging oversampling techniques with CNN-based ensemble classifiers to minimize the impacts of class imbalance in picture datasets. This suggests a promising direction for future research in this area.
Co-Authors Ariffin, Syed Mohd Zahid Syed Zainal Gao, Xiaoling Jamil, Nursuriati Rosli, Marshima Mohd Syed Zainal Ariffin, Syed Mohd Zahid