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All Journal International Journal of Renewable Energy Development al Kimiya : Jurnal Ilmu Kimia dan Terapan
Mulyani, Yenni
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering

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EFFECT OF ACIDITY, BASICITY, HETEROGENEOUS CaO/SILICA GEL CATALYST FROM BIOMASS WASTE ON BIODIESEL YIELD FROM CRUDE PALM OIL Mulyani, Yenni; Nurhayati, Nurhayati; Awaluddin, Amir
al Kimiya: Jurnal Ilmu Kimia dan Terapan Vol 11, No 2 (2024): al Kimiya: Jurnal Ilmu Kimia dan Terapan
Publisher : Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15575/ak.v11i2.39301

Abstract

The global energy sector has been dominated by non-renewable fossil fuels, prompting many countries to invest in renewable energy sources such as biodiesel. Crude palm oil (CPO), as a biodiesel feedstock, has a high FFA content, which can cause saponification reactions. This can reduce the quality of biodiesel if only CaO catalyst is used. Therefore, acid catalysts such as silica gel are needed to overcome this problem. Silica gel can also improve the stability, reactivity, and effectiveness of CaO catalyst in biodiesel production. This study aims to synthesize and characterize the heterogeneous CaO/silica gel catalyst obtained from biomass waste, and evaluate its activity in the conversion of CPO into biodiesel. The CaO/silica gel hybrid catalyst was prepared by wet impregnation method with varying percentage of silica gel (5%, 10%, and 15%), which was synthesized from coconut husk using sol-gel method, and mixed with CaO from calcination of blood clam shells at 900°C for 5 hours. The basicity characterized using the acid-base titration method, while the acidity was analyzed using pyridine adsorption method with FTIR, and the surface area was analyzed by BET method. The results showed that the synthesis of CaO/silica gel was successful, with confirmation of FTIR data at specific wavelengths. The addition of silica gel increased the acidity and surface area and decreased the basicity of CaO catalyst, with 10% CaO/silica gel showing optimal acidity and surface area. Testing the catalyst activity in the reaction of biodiesel formation from CPO produced the highest biodiesel yield of 96.71% using CaO/silica gel 10%. The conclusion of this study is that biomass waste-based heterogeneous catalysts have high potential for biodiesel production, which is influenced by their acidity and surface basicity, and offer a low-cost and environmentally friendly solution.
Response surface optimization of biodiesel synthesis from crude palm oil (CPO) using CaO/silica gel heterogeneous catalyst based on blood cockle shell and coconut fiber Nurhayati, Nurhayati; Awaluddin, Amir; Mulyani, Yenni
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 2 (2025): March 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.60855

Abstract

This study successfully synthesized a hybrid catalyst CaO-silica gel from environmentally friendly raw materials, CaO derived from blood clam shells and silica gel obtained from coconut fiber waste ash. The catalytic activity was evaluated in the synthesis of biodiesel from crude palm oil (CPO). The CaO-Silica gel catalyst was synthesized by the wet impregnation method with variations of silica gel, namely 5, 10 and 15 wt%. The catalyst was characterized using XRD, XRF, SEM, and BET analysis. The results showed a decrease in CaO content with increasing silica gel concentration, while XRD analysis confirmed the presence of lime, portlandite, Ca₂SiO₄, and silica oxide minerals. The addition of silica gel reduced the crystal size and crystallinity and increased the surface area of the catalyst. Optimization of biodiesel production was carried out using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), considering variables such as temperature, reaction time, molar ratio of oil to methanol, and catalyst loading. The highest biodiesel yield was obtained using 5% CaO/silica gel catalyst at a temperature of 65°C, a reaction time of 60 minutes, an oil-methanol molar ratio of 1:9, and a catalyst addition of 2%, resulting in a biodiesel yield of 99.52%. In addition, the methyl ester content reached 99.21% using a 10% CaO/silica gel catalyst. The resulting biodiesel met ASTM and EN standards, except for the acid value.
EFFECT OF ACIDITY, BASICITY, HETEROGENEOUS CaO/SILICA GEL CATALYST FROM BIOMASS WASTE ON BIODIESEL YIELD FROM CRUDE PALM OIL Mulyani, Yenni; Nurhayati, Nurhayati; Awaluddin, Amir
al Kimiya: Jurnal Ilmu Kimia dan Terapan Vol. 11 No. 2 (2024): al Kimiya: Jurnal Ilmu Kimia dan Terapan
Publisher : Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15575/ak.v11i2.39301

Abstract

The global energy sector has been dominated by non-renewable fossil fuels, prompting many countries to invest in renewable energy sources such as biodiesel. Crude palm oil (CPO), as a biodiesel feedstock, has a high FFA content, which can cause saponification reactions. This can reduce the quality of biodiesel if only CaO catalyst is used. Therefore, acid catalysts such as silica gel are needed to overcome this problem. Silica gel can also improve the stability, reactivity, and effectiveness of CaO catalyst in biodiesel production. This study aims to synthesize and characterize the heterogeneous CaO/silica gel catalyst obtained from biomass waste, and evaluate its activity in the conversion of CPO into biodiesel. The CaO/silica gel hybrid catalyst was prepared by wet impregnation method with varying percentage of silica gel (5%, 10%, and 15%), which was synthesized from coconut husk using sol-gel method, and mixed with CaO from calcination of blood clam shells at 900°C for 5 hours. The basicity characterized using the acid-base titration method, while the acidity was analyzed using pyridine adsorption method with FTIR, and the surface area was analyzed by BET method. The results showed that the synthesis of CaO/silica gel was successful, with confirmation of FTIR data at specific wavelengths. The addition of silica gel increased the acidity and surface area and decreased the basicity of CaO catalyst, with 10% CaO/silica gel showing optimal acidity and surface area. Testing the catalyst activity in the reaction of biodiesel formation from CPO produced the highest biodiesel yield of 96.71% using CaO/silica gel 10%. The conclusion of this study is that biomass waste-based heterogeneous catalysts have high potential for biodiesel production, which is influenced by their acidity and surface basicity, and offer a low-cost and environmentally friendly solution.
Co-Authors Amir Awaluddin Nurhayati Nurhayati