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All Journal International Journal of Economics and Management
Pocho, Anthony Gabriel
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Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance

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Asymmetric Relationship Between Income Inequality and Economic Growth in Nigeria Pocho, Anthony Gabriel
International Journal of Economics and Management Vol. 3 No. 01 (2025): International Journal of Economics and Management
Publisher : Cattleya Darmaya Fortuna

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54209/iem.v3i01.57

Abstract

Nigeria’s case is ironic, with so much wealth both human and material yet inequality in income and poverty is evident. Therefore, this study focuses on the asymmetric relationship between income inequality and economic growth in Nigeria (1986-2022) with the intension of understanding whether growth reduces or increases income inequality. The study explored the Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed lag (NARD) model approach with the intent of enabling both the short run and long run asymmetric effect. The findings indicated that, asymmetry is only obvious in the long run and that the early stage of growth does not reduce income inequality. However, in the long run evidence of growth reducing income inequality abounds if the growth reaches 5.5% as indicated by the outcome of Kuznets turning point. Based on these findings the study recommends that; poverty alleviation programmes should be targeted at the real poor and such programmes should last enough to make real impact. Public institutions saddled with the responsibility of equipping the youths with skills should be well funded and giving the freedom they deserve to function effectively. Access to quality higher education should be widen and affordable, because when people are educated at this level there are better chances for economic mobility.
Population Growth and Healthcare Financing in Nigeria: Causality and Policy Implications Pocho, Anthony Gabriel; Abutu, Leonard Akoh; Matudi, Inusa Utiwore; Ijighere, Clement Andrew
International Journal of Economics and Management Vol. 3 No. 02 (2025): IEM : International Journal of Economics and Management
Publisher : Cattleya Darmaya Fortuna

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54209/iem.v3i02.82

Abstract

Rising population comes with consequences, but we are concern about the health implications of this trend especially in regards to Nigeria, hence the need to interrogate population growth and healthcare financing in Nigeria: causality and policy implications, between year 2000 to 2022. Time series data were sourced from relevant organisations. The study explored the Auto Regressive Distributed lag model approach and Granger causality test for estimation. Outcome of the ARDL indicated that, the employment status of Nigerians citizens has noteworthy effect on healthcare financing in the future and population growth, educational expenditure and unemployment rate are all influential on healthcare financing in the interim. While the Granger causality test indicated a unidirectional causality between; population growth and healthcare financing, population growth and educational expenditure, unemployment rate and population growth, gross domestic product per capita and unemployment rate and a weak causality between unemployment rate and healthcare financing. While there was no causation between healthcare financing and gross domestic product per capita, educational expenditure and healthcare financing, educational expenditure and gross domestic product per capita, unemployment rate and healthcare financing and unemployment rate and educational expenditure. It is on this premise that the following suggestions where arrived at; budgetary allocation to the health and educational sector should be done in reflection to the rising population and that skills acquisition should go along with the educational curriculum to enhance the chances for economic mobility.
Human Capital Development, Healthcare Financing and Institutional Quality in Nigeria Pocho, Anthony Gabriel; Matudi, Inusa Utiwore
International Journal of Economics and Management Vol. 4 No. 01 (2026): IEM : International Journal of Economics and Management
Publisher : Cattleya Darmaya Fortuna

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54209/iem.v4i01.276

Abstract

Human capital development, healthcare financing and institutional quality are key variables that affect the growth of the economy, especially for a developing economy which Nigeria belongs to. This study interrogates the nexus between human capital development, healthcare financing and institutional quality in Nigeria between 1996 to 2023. Using the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model approach. Outcome indicated that; futuristically, educational expenditure exhibited positive and significant effect on institutional quality index in Nigeria. Additionally, healthcare expenditure exhibited negative and significant effect on institutional quality in Nigeria. And out of pocket expenditure showed negative and insignificant effect on institutional quality in Nigeria. However, in the short run, outcome indicated that, healthcare expenditure exhibited negative and significant effect on institutional quality in the short run, on the other hand, out of pocket expenditure showed to have positive and insignificant effect on institutional quality index. On this premise, the study suggested that concern authorities should revisit Nigeria’s healthcare financing model, strive to enhance budgetary allocation to the educational and health sector this might improve the quality of human capital and improve the aggregate health of the citizens. Nigeria needs strong institutions to manage funds allocated to the educational and health sector effectively.
Co-Authors Abutu, Leonard Akoh Ijighere, Clement Andrew Matudi, Inusa Utiwore