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Turning Waste into Nutrition: Harnessing Tannery Waste for Black Soldier Fly Larvae Cultivation as Sustainable Catfish Feed Alternatives Yuliatmo, Ragil; Maharani, Sakti; Nurbalia, Elis; Wibowo, Raden Lukas Martindro Satrio Ari
International Journal of Agriculture System VOLUME 12 ISSUE 2, DECEMBER 2024
Publisher : Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20956/ijas.v12i2.5195

This study aimed to help reduce the lime fleshing solid waste problem by implementing utilization as feed for Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae. The BSF larvae were analyzed as a sample to determine whether it is safe to be eaten by other living species, especially catfish. The raw material used is lime fleshing cowhide waste from a leather tannery. The process included fermentation of lime fleshing waste with a formulation of waste: bran: water (8:1:2) for three days, hatching BSF larvae eggs for six days, and feeding fermented waste to BSF larvae (1000:1) for nine days, then baby BSF larvae dried, and BSF larvae were applied to catfish in a ratio (BSF larvae weight = 9: 5) for 12 days. Then, they analyzed the protein, calcium, and sulfur contents on the sample BSF larvae and catfish. We used the fermentation of lime fleshing waste with bran and water variables, which are well water, catfish pond water, and rice washing water, for three days. Then, hatching BSF larvae eggs for six days, BSF larvae cultivation for nine days, and application of the BSF larvae on catfish for 12 days. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, then continued using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The result of fermented lime fleshing waste was used on the BSF larvae, and the cultivation contents were analyzed for protein, calcium, and sulfur. The analysis result of the three variables has an average value of protein at around 6.06%, calcium at 0.041%, and sulfur at around 0.016%. The study concludes that BSF larvae, when combined with commercial feed and suitable formulation, could be an effective and efficient alternative feed for catfish while addressing the lime fleshing waste problem.

Turning Waste into Nutrition: Harnessing Tannery Waste for Black Soldier Fly Larvae Cultivation as Sustainable Catfish Feed Alternatives Yuliatmo, Ragil; Maharani, Sakti; Nurbalia, Elis; Wibowo, Raden Lukas Martindro Satrio Ari
International Journal of Agriculture System VOLUME 12 ISSUE 2, DECEMBER 2024
Publisher : Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20956/ijas.v12i2.5195

This study aimed to help reduce the lime fleshing solid waste problem by implementing utilization as feed for Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae. The BSF larvae were analyzed as a sample to determine whether it is safe to be eaten by other living species, especially catfish. The raw material used is lime fleshing cowhide waste from a leather tannery. The process included fermentation of lime fleshing waste with a formulation of waste: bran: water (8:1:2) for three days, hatching BSF larvae eggs for six days, and feeding fermented waste to BSF larvae (1000:1) for nine days, then baby BSF larvae dried, and BSF larvae were applied to catfish in a ratio (BSF larvae weight = 9: 5) for 12 days. Then, they analyzed the protein, calcium, and sulfur contents on the sample BSF larvae and catfish. We used the fermentation of lime fleshing waste with bran and water variables, which are well water, catfish pond water, and rice washing water, for three days. Then, hatching BSF larvae eggs for six days, BSF larvae cultivation for nine days, and application of the BSF larvae on catfish for 12 days. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, then continued using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The result of fermented lime fleshing waste was used on the BSF larvae, and the cultivation contents were analyzed for protein, calcium, and sulfur. The analysis result of the three variables has an average value of protein at around 6.06%, calcium at 0.041%, and sulfur at around 0.016%. The study concludes that BSF larvae, when combined with commercial feed and suitable formulation, could be an effective and efficient alternative feed for catfish while addressing the lime fleshing waste problem.

Effect of Phenol–Formaldehyde Molar Ratio on the Physicochemical Properties of Phenolic Synthetic Tanning Agent (Syntan) Winata, Wahyu Fajar; Hermawan, Prasetyo; Nurbalia, Elis
EKSAKTA: Journal of Sciences and Data Analysis VOLUME 7, ISSUE 1, April 2026
Publisher : Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/EKSAKTA.vol7.iss1.art10

Phenolic synthetic tanning agents (syntans) are widely used in the leather industry due to their controllable properties and consistent performance. This study aims to investigate the effect of phenol– formaldehyde molar ratio on the physicochemical properties of syntans synthesized via sulfonation. The syntans were prepared using various molar ratios (0:1, 0.5:1, 1:1, 1.5:1, 1:0.5, and 1:0) throughcondensation followed by sulfonation. The products were characterized in terms of pH, specific gravity, viscosity, degree of sulfonation (DS), and functional groups using FTIR spectroscopy. The results show that increasing phenol or formaldehyde concentration led to higher specific gravity and viscosity, indicating increased polymerization. The pH values ranged around ~4, confirming suitability for leather processing. The DS decreased with increasing phenol or formaldehyde concentration, suggesting competition between polymerization and sulfonation reactions. The optimal molar ratio (1:1) produced the most homogeneous and stable syntan system. The pH values of all syntans were consistently around ~4, indicating suitability for leather processing. Increasing phenol or formaldehyde concentration resulted in higher viscosity and specific gravity, while the degree of sulfonation decreased significantly, confirming the trade-off between polymerization and sulfonation reactions. In conclusion, the phenol–formaldehyde molar ratio significantly influences syntan properties by controlling the balance between polymerization and sulfonation. These findings provide a scientific basis for optimizing syntan formulation and improving efficiency in sustainable leather processing.

Binder Engineering of Leather Shaving Waste–Based Collagen Composite for Shoe Insole Application: Mechanical–Moisture Trade-Off Analysis Winata, Wahyu Fajar; Nurbalia, Elis; Rahmayani, Elyka; Dewi, Zahra Saadiya; Tiyastuti, Rini
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): Volume 11, ISSUE 1, 2026
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/ijcr.vol11.iss1.art6

Leather shaving waste (LSW) generated from the tannery industry contains chromium-stabilized collagen fibers that are environmentally persistent and difficult to manage. This study investigates the valorization of LSW into leather board for shoe insole applications through binder system engineering. LSW was neutralized using alkaline treatment and compounded with polyester resin and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), followed by press molding. Mechanical properties and water absorption were evaluated according to SNI 1294-2009 standards. The results show that binder composition significantly influences interfacial adhesion, mechanical strength, and moisture sensitivity. Formulation F3 exhibited superior tensile and tear strength due to enhanced fiber–matrix bonding, while formulation F4 demonstrated improved water resistance. An Engineering Performance Index (EPI) was introduced to integrate mechanical strength and moisture stability, revealing a clear trade-off between maximum mechanical performance and durability against water absorption. Formulation F6 presented a more balanced mechanical–moisture profile suitable for practical insole applications. These findings confirm that binder engineering governs the structure–property relationship of collagen-based composites and provides a sustainable pathway for circular utilization of tannery solid waste.

Effects of Crosslinker and Silicon to Enhance Taber Abrasion and Physical Properties of Finished Leather for Upholstery Furniture Atiqa Rahmawati; Elis Nurbalia; Rini Tiyastuti
IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry) Vol 10, No 2 (2025): June 2025
Publisher : IJFAC (Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24845/ijfac.v10.i2.79

Finishing is one of the stages in leather processing. The addition of silicone and crosslinker in the top coat of the finishing stage of leather upholstery furniture is used to increase abrasion resistance, which is a critical factor in determining the life and quality of leather furniture. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of silicone and crosslinker additions on the abrasion resistance and physical properties of leather upholstery furniture. The leather material used is dyed crust leather with a thickness of 1.2-1.4 mm with an area of 1.5 sqft. The addition of crosslinker and silicone is applied only to the top coat. The analyses performed include physical skin analysis (adhesion test, rubbing fastness, glossy test, and flexing) and organoleptic tests (abrasion and smoothness tests). The addition of crosslinker and silicone can affect the physical and organoleptic quality of leather. The addition of crosslinker and silicone to the top coat showed the best results on upholstery leather sample D (3% crosslinker and 4% silicone).The results of statistical tests using the multinomial logistic regression method in organoleptic testing and ANOVA in physical testing showed that only crosslinker had a significant effect on the response.Â

THE EFFECT OF TYPE OF POLYURETHANE IN THE FINISHING PROCESS ON THE QUALITY OF CAR SEAT LEATHER Alfiyatul Masruroh; Entien Darmawati; Elis Nurbalia
Berkala Penelitian Teknologi Kulit, Sepatu, dan Produk Kulit Vol. 22 No. 2 (2023): Berkala Penelitian Kulit, Sepatu dan Produk Kulit
Publisher : Politek ATK Yogyakarta Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58533/x6pa8419

This study aims to determine the effect of using bright binder polyurethane material in improving the shiny value in the finishing process of upholstery automotive article for car seat covers. The raw material used in finished dyed cowhide or finished leather with thockness of 1,2-1,4 mm with an area 5 sqft. The trial was carried out using 6 sheets of A4 size finish leather (21x29,7 cm) which would be re-fixed pe sheet with a different concentration of polyurethane for each trial. The method of improving the shiny value for upholstery automotive article is re-sprayed (re-fixative) with trial of variations in reducing matt polyurethane and variations is adding bright binder polyurethane to fixative (top coat) formulations, to get the shiny value according to the customer master sample standards, namely 1,1-1,2 GU. the measurement of the shiny value is carried out using a glossmeter. The result obtained are the addition of polyurethane bright binder 2% to get the best result to improve the shiny value of upholstery automotive for car seat covers. These results have met customer standars both form testing using a glossmeter and critical test carried out. The conclusion is that upholstery auutomotive leather has shiny value that meets the customer master sampel standards.

RESULT QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SHEEP SKIN GOLF GLOVES TANNING BASED ON THERMAL AND MICROBIAL RESISTANCE Chorynur Retmaningrum; Mustafidah Udkhiyati; Elis Nurbalia
Berkala Penelitian Teknologi Kulit, Sepatu, dan Produk Kulit Vol. 23 No. 1 (2024): Berkala Penelitian Kulit, Sepatu, dan Produk Kulit
Publisher : Politek ATK Yogyakarta Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58533/h8cc7804

The limited availability of domestic raw materials has encouraged the leather tanning industry to import raw materials from various countries. The condition of skin raw materials imported from abroad is generally in the form of pickle or wet blue-like (skin that has been chrome tanned in small amounts (1.5% (w/w)). Industry concerns regarding the adequacy of tanning degree on wet blue-like skin conducing the treatment being carried out using the same method and amount of tanning agent for both pickle and wet blue-like skin. Thus, potentially causing excessive use of chrome. This research compares the effect of tanning treatment on thermal and microbial resistance as well as physical characteristics of glove leather with wet blue-like skin raw materials. Based on the research results, it is known that treatment without re-chroming produces lower thermal and microbial resistance than treatment with re-chroming. However, the formulation without re-chroming treatment on wet blue-like skin can be recommended for application considering that the results obtained have characteristics in accordance with the requirements according to SNI 06-0777-1996. The application without re-chroming formulations can enable produce efficiency due to the use of less chrome and faster operational times. Still, adjustments need to be made regarding handling to prevent the growth of microorganisms. This is because the probability of growth of microorganisms when applying formulations without tanning is higher than formulations with tanning.

THE EFFECT OF USING SURFACTAN TO REMOVE FATTY SPEW STAINS ON GOLF GLOVE LEATHER Selvyan Ellenika Putri; Elis Nurbalia; Emiliana Anggriyani
Berkala Penelitian Teknologi Kulit, Sepatu, dan Produk Kulit Vol. 21 No. 2 (2022): Berkala Penelitian Kulit, Sepatu dan Produk Kulit
Publisher : Politek ATK Yogyakarta Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58533/8dyamp60

Fatty spew is a stain found in leather that has been tanned with chrome. The appearance of fatty spew is caused by the content of free fatty acids which is too high. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of using surfactant as a washing agent in removing fatty spew stains on golf glove leather. The raw materials used were 2 sheets of chrome tanned crust measuring 11 sqft with a weight of 206 g and a shaving thickness of 0.4-0.5 mm. The process carried out is by washing using a washing agent in the form of a surfactant as much as 0.6% of the weight of the skin. Washing was carried out for 30 minutes using a process drum. The results of the washing showed that fatty spew stains on the crust skin obtained maximum results after washing there was a slight change in the surface of the skin that felt a little rough, so additional polishing treatment was needed. The conclusion obtained is that the use of surfactants obtains maximum results in removing fatty spew stains on the crust skin.

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