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Importance and Challenges in TPNW Ratification: Regional Analysis of Oceania, the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa Rajagukguk, Michael Haratua; Siagian, Ruben
Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ) Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Pusat Studi Politik dan Kebijakan Strategis Indonesia (POLKASI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70710/sitj.v1i2.9

Abstract

The research focuses on the ratification of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), which has become an important global issue in international security. The research aims to analyze the factors that influence countries' decisions to ratify the TPNW, as well as to explore the challenges and concerns that individual countries face regarding this issue. The benefits of the research include a deeper understanding of the political, economic, and security dynamics relating to the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. Results show that complex political and economic interests influence the decision to ratify the TPNW. In Oceania, countries such as Australia and Fiji demonstrated concerns for strategic alliances and regional security. In contrast, smaller countries such as Kiribati and the Marshall Islands prioritized domestic issues and political considerations. In the Americas, the United States rejects TPNWs as contrary to its national security policy, while NATO commitments often bind countries in Europe. In Asia, resistance from nuclear-armed states such as China and India reflects broader geopolitical strategies, while in Africa, many states do not prioritize the issue due to domestic instability. Identified in-depth understanding of how individual states respond to TPNWs in specific contexts. Comparative analysis across regions provides a new perspective in understanding the interaction between foreign policy and non-proliferation issues. The importance of international dialog and a more holistic approach in addressing non-proliferation challenges. Countries' decisions on ratification of the TPNW are highly dependent on their localities and challenges, which include both domestic and foreign policy issues. The TPNW is not only a non-proliferation issue but also reflects the complexity of international relations and national security policies in different parts of the world.
Analysis of Radioactive Isotope Concentrations at Various Locations after a Nuclear Disaster: Case Study of I-131, Cs-134, and Cs-137 in the Czech Republic Rajagukguk, Michael Haratua; Siagian, Ruben Cornelius
JRST (Jurnal Riset Sains dan Teknologi) Volume 9 No. 1 Maret 2025: JRST
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30595/jrst.v9i1.23515

Abstract

Radioactive dispersal remains a major concern after a nuclear disaster. This study investigated the consistency of radioactive isotope concentrations (I-131, Cs-134, and Cs-137) in two cities in the Czech Republic - Prague and Usti - to determine whether sampling duration and isotope concentration variability affect contamination stability. The study used statistical analyses, including ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Pearson and Spearman correlation tests, to examine isotope relationships and spatial variation. Data were collected over multiple time points to assess changes in contamination patterns. Findings showed that Prague exhibited higher concentrations of radioactive isotopes, but variations in sampling time did not affect contamination stability. No significant differences were observed between the two locations, and a strong correlation was found among I-131, Cs-134, and Cs-137, indicating that an increase in one isotope was consistently accompanied by an increase in the other. The sampling duration had no significant impact on the contamination levels. These results suggest that isotope contamination is stable across sites, regardless of sampling duration. A major research gap is the limited research on the relationship between consistency of isotope concentrations and sampling time across multiple sites. The study highlighted that radioactive isotope concentrations remained relatively consistent despite the large variability in measured values. Findings underscore the need for contamination management strategies that focus on globally significant sources rather than local variability. Strong correlations among isotopes offer potential predictive value for monitoring radioactive contamination in disaster situations.
VOLATILITAS DAN STABILITAS EKONOMI DI NATO DAN BRICS: Analisis Ekonometrik Komparatif Siagian, Ruben Cornelius; Rajagukguk, Michael Haratua
Aliansi Vol 4, No 3 (2025): Aliansi : Jurnal Politik, Keamanan Dan Hubungan Internasional
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/aliansi.v4i3.64007

Abstract

Global economic inequality and geopolitical alliance dynamics are important topics in the study of economics and international relations. Countries belonging to NATO and BRICS have different economic characteristics, which affect their stability and growth in the global market. The research analyzes the volatility of economic production in both groups of countries, and identifies the main factors that cause differences in economic stability between NATO and BRICS. The research is limited to analyzing economic data from NATO and BRICS members over the past two decades. Methods include descriptive statistical analysis and econometric models to measure the level of production volatility and the factors affecting it. Data was obtained from various international sources, such as the World Bank and IMF, to ensure the validity and reliability of the findings. The research shows that NATO countries tend to have higher economic stability than BRICS, which is influenced by more coordinated fiscal and monetary policies, as well as more mature economic infrastructure. In contrast, BRICS countries exhibit higher levels of production volatility due to structural factors. The research gap identified in this study is the lack of comparative studies that directly compare economic volatility between NATO and BRICS using an in-depth quantitative approach. The novelty of the research lies in the integration of econometric models in measuring and comparing the economic volatility of the two groups of countries, as well as providing a new perspective on the impact of geopolitical alliances on economic stability. The research conclusion confirms that economic stability is stronger in NATO countries than BRICS, which has implications for future economic policies and development strategies. The findings can serve as a reference for policymakers in designing economic strategies that are more adaptive to global market dynamics and production volatility risks. Ketidaksetaraan ekonomi global dan dinamika aliansi geopolitik merupakan topik penting dalam studi ekonomi dan hubungan internasional. Negara-negara yang tergabung dalam NATO dan BRICS memiliki karakteristik ekonomi yang berbeda, yang memengaruhi stabilitas dan pertumbuhan mereka di pasar global. Penelitian ini menganalisis volatilitas produksi ekonomi di kedua kelompok negara tersebut, serta mengidentifikasi faktor utama yang menyebabkan perbedaan stabilitas ekonomi antara NATO dan BRICS. Penelitian ini terbatas pada analisis data ekonomi dari anggota NATO dan BRICS selama dua dekade terakhir. Metode yang digunakan meliputi analisis statistik deskriptif dan model ekonometrik untuk mengukur tingkat volatilitas produksi dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Data diperoleh dari berbagai sumber internasional, seperti Bank Dunia dan IMF, untuk memastikan validitas dan keandalan temuan. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa negara-negara NATO cenderung memiliki stabilitas ekonomi yang lebih tinggi daripada BRICS, yang dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan fiskal dan moneter yang lebih terkoordinasi, serta infrastruktur ekonomi yang lebih matang. Di sisi lain, negara-negara BRICS menunjukkan tingkat volatilitas produksi yang lebih tinggi akibat faktor struktural. Kesenjangan penelitian yang diidentifikasi dalam studi ini adalah kurangnya studi perbandingan yang secara langsung membandingkan volatilitas ekonomi antara NATO dan BRICS menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif yang mendalam. Keunikan penelitian ini terletak pada integrasi model ekonometrik dalam mengukur dan membandingkan volatilitas ekonomi kedua kelompok negara, serta memberikan perspektif baru tentang dampak aliansi geopolitik terhadap stabilitas ekonomi. Kesimpulan penelitian menegaskan bahwa stabilitas ekonomi lebih kuat di negara-negara NATO dibandingkan BRICS, yang memiliki implikasi bagi kebijakan ekonomi dan strategi pengembangan di masa depan. Temuan ini dapat menjadi acuan bagi pembuat kebijakan dalam merancang strategi ekonomi yang lebih adaptif terhadap dinamika pasar global dan risiko volatilitas produksi.