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All Journal Asian Journal of Agriculture Akta Agrosia
Awang, Azwan
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry

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The Inhibitory Properties of the Single-Chain 2S Albumin Seed Storage Protein from Theobroma cacao Karim, Norzulaiha Abd.; Budiman, Cahyo; Awang, Azwan; Rodrigues, Kenneth F.
Akta Agrosia Vol 28 No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Badan Penerbitan Fakultas Pertanian (BPFP), Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Bengkkulu

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31186/aa.28.1.8-14

Abstract

2S albumin seed storage proteins from Theobroma cacao (Tc-2S) are known for their roles in plant defense mechanisms due to their antimicrobial properties. However, it remains unclear whether both the light and heavy chains of Tc-2S are required for this activity. This study develops an expression system for the single-chain precursor of Tc-2S and evaluate its antimicrobial activity. Specifically, the heavy-chain subunit (Tc-9M), corresponding to residues 78 to 150 of the Tc-2S precursor, was cloned and expressed in a heterologous system. The resulting Tc-9M protein, expressed as a fully soluble protein, was purified via column chromatography, yielding 24 mg of pure protein from 300 mL of the expression culture. Antibacterial and antifungal activity was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, revealing that Tc-9M remarkably inhibited the growth of several bacterial strains, including Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. Additionally, Tc-9M inhibited the growth of the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris but showed no activity against the fungus Trichoderma asperellum. These findings ndicate that the single-chain Tc-2S may be sufficient for antimicrobial defense in plants. Because the characterization of the Tc-9M protein has not been previously reported, this work provides a basis for further exploration of the biological significance of the 2S albumin subunit in plant defense.  Keywords: 2S albumin protein, antibacterial, antifungal, heavy-chain peptide, Theobroma cacao  
Weeds in oil palm plantations and their antifungal activity against Ganoderma boninense SINONG, GRACE FLAVYELIZ; SAHRIR, MUHD ARIF SHAFFIQ; YUSOFF, NORNASUHA; ADIWENA, MUH; ALI, NUSAIBAH SYD; IBRAHIM, MOHAMAD HILMI; AWANG, AZWAN; RAKIB, MOHD. RASHID MOHD.
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100102

Abstract

Abstract. Sinong GF, Sahrir MAS, Yusoff N, Adiwena M, Ali NS, Ibrahim MH, Awang A, Rakib MRM. 2026. Weeds in oil palm plantations and their antifungal activity against Ganoderma boninense. Asian J Agric 10: g100102. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100102. Basal Stem Rot (BSR) caused by Ganoderma boninense remains the most destructive disease of oil palm, threatening global palm oil production. Current management strategies have proven largely ineffective in providing long-term disease control, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable approaches based on natural bioactive compounds. Plant-derived metabolites represent a promising alternative due to their natural antifungal properties, environmental safety, and potential compatibility with integrated disease management systems. Weeds, in particular, are often resilient to pathogens and may serve as unexplored reservoirs of bioactive compounds with antifungal potential. The present study aimed to identify weed species associated with healthy oil palm trees and evaluate their extracts’ in vitro antifungal properties against G. boninense. Three weed species, namely Hoya carnosa (W16), Ischaemum muticum (W18), and Polygala paniculata (W19), were found exclusively in association with healthy oil palm trees. Their crude extracts were evaluated in vitro against G. boninense using solvents of varying polarity. Among them, P. paniculata exhibited the strongest antifungal activity, with both aerial and below-ground parts showing pronounced inhibition. Below-ground part extracts consistently outperformed aerial parts, particularly when extracted with methanol, which yielded the highest inhibition and lowest EC50 values, suggesting a higher concentration of bioactive metabolites in root tissues. The observed antifungal efficacy correlated with solvent polarity, emphasizing the importance of targeted extraction in isolating effective phytochemicals. These findings indicate that P. paniculata, especially its methanolic root extract, represents a promising source of natural antifungal compounds. The study highlights the potential of weed plants as unconventional reservoirs of bioactive metabolites and provides a foundation for developing eco-friendly, broad-spectrum fungicides to combat G. boninense, thereby advancing sustainable disease management in oil palm plantations.
Co-Authors Adiwena, Muh ALI, NUSAIBAH SYD Cahyo Budiman IBRAHIM, MOHAMAD HILMI Karim, Norzulaiha Abd. RAKIB, MOHD. RASHID MOHD. Rodrigues, Kenneth F. Sahrir, Muhd Arif Shaffiq SINONG, GRACE FLAVYELIZ Yusoff, Nornasuha