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Hygrothermal Effect on Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) Under Seawater Immersion Sutjiadi, Adrian
Cylinder : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Mesin Vol 10 No 2 (2024): OKTOBER 2024
Publisher : Department of Mechanical Engineering Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25170/cylinder.v10i2.5923

Abstract

Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) is extensively used for corrugated roofing sheets and gutters in Indonesia, especially in corrosive environments, due to its superior corrosion resistancecompared to steel. Despite its widespread application in coastal areas, limited studies have examined the durability of GFRP when exposed to seawater and heat. This research investigates the influence of hygrothermal conditions on the physical and mechanical properties of GFRP. Samples were immersed in seawater at temperatures of 30°C, 40°C, and 60°C for 3 and 6 months. Results show that hygrothermal exposure leads to degradation in physical but notmechanical properties. Physical properties were evaluated using mass gain measurements, hardness testing, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), while mechanical properties were assessed via tensile testing.The result shown all specimen have increased mass up to 3,8% and decrease in hardnessup to 56%. SEM also shown several dark spot which indicatevoid. SEM analysis revealed the presence of dark spots, indicating void formation. These findings underscore the vulnerability of GFRP to hygrothermal conditions, raising concerns about its long-term durability in coastal applications.
Perilaku Termal Baterai Kendaraan Listrik pada Siklus Mengemudi NEDC dan WLTP: Studi Simulasi Menggunakan GT-Suite Said, Mohd Farid bin Muhamad; Sutjiadi, Adrian; Setiawan, Yosua
Cylinder : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Mesin Vol 11 No 1 (2025): April 2025
Publisher : Department of Mechanical Engineering Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25170/cylinder.v11i1.6678

Abstract

This study examines the thermal behaviour of a LiFePO₄ battery pack in a converted electric vehicle using GT-Suite simulation. The base vehicle, a Toyota Avanza originally powered by a 1.3-litre engine, was retrofitted with a 60 kW synchronous AC motor and a 268.8 V, 40.32 kWh battery pack. Simulations were conducted under NEDC and WLTP driving cycles, both with and without passive cooling. Results showed that battery temperature peaked at 45.3°C (NEDC) and 71.6°C (WLTP) without cooling, and was reduced to 36.6°C and 48.0°C respectively with passive cooling. Temperature spikes coincided with rapid acceleration and high-speed phases, highlighting the influence of discharge current on battery heating. These findings demonstrate the importance of thermal management in EV conversions and the effectiveness of passive cooling. Future work will focus on experimental validation and discharge current control via a battery management system (BMS) to ensure battery safety and longevity.
Infill Density Effects on Impact Strength of PLA+ Sutjiadi, Adrian; Setiawan, Yosua
Cylinder : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Mesin Vol 11 No 2 (2025): Oktober 2025
Publisher : Department of Mechanical Engineering Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25170/cylinder.v11i2.7036

Abstract

3D printing is an additive manufacturing method. In its process, several parameters can be adjusted to achieve the desired printing results. This study examines the effect of infill percentage on the Charpy impact strength of PLA+ materials made using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method. The specimens used follow the ISO 179-1 type 1 standard without notches and are made with infill variations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Each variation is tested five times using a JB-S300 Charpy impact tester. The absorbed energy is then calculated into the Charpy impact strength (kJ/m²) according to the ISO 179-1 standard. The results show that the impact strength increases with increasing infill, from 10.9 kJ/m² at 20% infill to 30.4 kJ/m² at 100% infill. These results emphasize the effect of infill on energy absorption and the importance of parameter control to improve the consistency of results in FDM printed PLA+ components.
Simulasi Pendinginan Baterai pada Kendaraan Konversi dengan Transmisi Otomatis Sutjiadi, Adrian; Setiawan, Yosua
Cylinder : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Mesin Vol 12 No 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Department of Mechanical Engineering Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25170/cylinder.v12i1.7890

Abstract

This study investigates the thermal behaviour of a converted electric vehicle battery pack under the NEDC and WLTP driving cycles using GT-Suite simulation. The results show that driving conditions significantly influence battery temperature. Under the NEDC cycle, the peak temperature reached 61°C without cooling, which decreased to 50.7°C with passive cooling and 30.1°C with active cooling. In contrast, the more demanding WLTP cycle produced higher thermal stress, with peak temperatures of 75.7°C without cooling and 66.5°C with passive cooling, while active cooling reduced it to 38°C. The findings indicate that rapid acceleration and high-speed operation increase discharge currents, leading to higher heat generation. Although passive cooling reduces thermal stress, it is insufficient to maintain safe operating temperatures under dynamic conditions, whereas active cooling provides effective thermal control. This study highlights the importance of battery thermal management in EV conversions and demonstrates the effectiveness of simulation tools for early-stage thermal evaluation.