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All Journal Law and Economics Unizar Recht Journal
Ainuddin , Ainuddin
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Humanities Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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The Realization of Factors Detrimental to State Finances in Corporate Activ-ities Ainuddin , Ainuddin
Law and Economics Vol. 19 No. 1 (2025): February: Law and Economics
Publisher : Institute for Law and Economics Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35335/laweco.v19i1.137

Abstract

The realization of state financial loss in corruption offenses involves demonstrating that a corrupt act has caused a tangible and specific detriment to state finances or the national economy. This study examines the clarity of legal material regarding state financial loss in corporate actions, focusing on the corruption case verdict No. 70/Pid.Sus-TPK/2023/PN.Plg. Using a normative legal methodology—incorporating legislative, conceptual, and case law studies, the study examines the legal frameworks surrounding corruption and state budget cuts, revealing differing interpretations of financial loss in corporate corruption cases. It emphasizes the need for clearer instructions on proving state financial loss and emphasizes the importance of a strong legal base in corruption cases. Findings reveal that the Public Prosecutor failed to convincingly establish the legal basis for proving state financial loss. The indictment claimed that PT. BA’s acquisition of PT. SBS through its subsidiary PT. BMI resulted in a state financial loss of IDR 162,466,152,401. However, inconsistencies emerged in defining "state financial loss," assessing the loss amount, and qualifying it within the acquisition process. The Panel of Judges meticulously examined the charges under Article 2 of the Corruption Eradication Law (UU Tipikor). Upon reviewing the elements of the offense, the Judges concluded that the Prosecutor failed to substantiate the allegations. Consequently, the Panel issued a vrijspraak (acquittal) for Defendant "TI." This verdict fulfills juridical, philosophical, and sociological dimensions, rendering it legally sound and well-reasoned.
Between Administrative and Constitutional Jurisdiction: Investigating Dual Pathways to Justice in Indonesia Ainuddin , Ainuddin
Law and Economics Vol. 19 No. 3 (2025): October: Law and Economics
Publisher : Institute for Law and Economics Studies

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35335/laweco.v19i3.225

Abstract

This study explores the intersection of administrative and constitutional adjudication in Indonesia, focusing on the overlapping jurisdictions of the State Administrative Court (PTUN) and the Constitutional Court (MK). Although these institutions were established to complement one another within a system of checks and balances, their concurrent mandates often generate legal uncertainty and procedural inefficiencies. Employing normative legal research and a conceptual framework, the analysis examines primary sources (the 1945 Constitution, PTUN Act, Constitutional Court Act, Government Administration Act), secondary literature, and illustrative case law. Through statutory, conceptual, and case‐based approaches, the study identifies points of convergence and divergence in the courts’ competencies, as well as the practical implications for citizens seeking redress. The findings reveal that PTUN’s focus on concrete administrative acts and the MK’s review of abstract legal norms can lead to contradictory outcomes: a PTUN judgment may vindicate a claimant without invalidating the underlying statute, while an MK annulment of a norm does not automatically reverse prior administrative decisions. This dual‐track system imposes duplicative litigation burdens, prolongs resolution timelines, increases costs, and ultimately erodes public confidence in the rule of law. To resolve the overlapping jurisdictions between PTUN and MK, this study recommends clearer statutory delineation of competencies, coordinated case-management protocols, and the possible establishment of a unified forum for disputes with both administrative and constitutional dimensions. Strengthening institutional synergy through capacity building and enhancing transparency in jurisdictional guidance are also essential to ensure consistency, reduce litigation burdens, and restore public trust in the rule of law
Pertanggung Jawaban Travel Agent Terhadap Konsumen Apabila Terjadi Wanprestasi Di Tinjau Dari UU No. 8 Tahun 1999 Tentang Perlindungan Konsumen (Studi Kasus : Cv. Lombok Wisata Adventure) Sahroni, Sahroni; Ainuddin , Ainuddin; Makhrup , Abdul Gani
Unizar Recht Journal (URJ) Vol. 2 No. 3 (2023): Unizar Recht Journal (URJ)
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Islam Al-Azhar Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36679/urj.v2i3.136

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana bentuk perjanjian yang disepakati antara Travel Agent CV. Lombok Wisata Adventure dengan konsumen dan untuk mengetahui bagaimana bentuk pertanggungjawaban Travel Agent CV. Lombok Wisata Adventure bila terjadi kerugian yang dialami penumpang akibat tidak terpenuhinya klausula klausula dalam penawaran yang di perjanjikan. Dalam penelitian ini metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum empiris (Empirical Legal Research), yaitu metode penelitian hukum yang menggunakan fakta-fakta empiris yang diambil dari perilaku manusia, baik perilaku verbal yang didapat dari wawancara maupun perilaku nyata yang dilakukan melalui pengamatan langsung (Field Research) di CV Lombok Tour Adventure. Dalam kasus ini pendekatan yang digunakan yaitu pendekatan perundang-undangan serta pendekatan kasus. Pendekatan perundang-undangan yang digunakan yaitu Undang-undang No. 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen, dan Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Perdata. Pendekatan kasus yang diteliti yaitu pada Agent Travel CV. Lombok Wisata Adventure. Hasil penelitian yaitu 1) bentuk perjanjian yang disepakati antara konsumen dan Travel Agent. Dalam kasus ini perjanjian tidak cukup dengan lisan saja tetapi harus tertulis dan dibubuhi materai, ataupun bisa dihadapan notaris jika perjanjian tersebut berskala lebih besar dan sesuai dengan pasal 1320 KUHPerdata tentang syarat sah perjanjian dan pasal 1338 KUHPerdata tentang perjanjian yang bersifat mengikat kedua belah pihak. 2) Bentuk pertanggungjawaban Travel Agent CV. Lombok Wisata Adventure bila terjadi kerugian yang dialami penumpang akibat tidak terpenuhinya klausula klausula dalam penawaran yang di perjanjikan. dalam kasus ini sesuai dengan pasal 7 huruf a sampai g UUPK No. 8 Tahun 1999 tentang kewajiban pelaku usaha, serta telah memenuhi hak-hak konsumen sesuai dengan pasal 4 UUPK No. 8 Tahun 1999. Lombok Wisata Adventure terbukti melakukan wanprestasi tetapi dalam keadaan memaksa (Overmacht), dan dikategorikan dalam Overmacht relative, sehinggan masih bisa melakukan prestasinya ketika keadaan tersebut kembali normal. Hal ini sesuai dengan Pasal 1244 dan 1245 KUHPerdata tentang penggantian biaya, kerugian karena keadaan memaksa.
Co-Authors Makhrup , Abdul Gani Sahroni, Sahroni