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Diplomasi Ekonomi Indonesia: Hongaria sebagai Pintu Gerbang Pasar Prospektif di Eropa Tengah dan Timur Reskiyah, Emy Sri
Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional Fajar Vol. 1 No. 1 (2022): Edisi Desember
Publisher : Prodi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Fajar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47354/jiihif.v1i1.440

Abstract

Indonesia and Hungary have long established good relations, which is reflected in economic relations, including trade, investment, and tourism. These sectors’ performance is a very important indicator for measuring the success of Indonesia's economic diplomacy with Hungary. This study uses descriptive statistical analysis quantitative methods concerning the bilateral relationship between Indonesia and Hungary in the field of economic cooperation and is followed by an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). This paper aims to examine the bilateral relations that exist between Indonesia and Hungary in the field of economic cooperation, especially but not limited to the trade, investment, and tourism sectors as part of economic diplomacy in the last ten years (2013- 2022). The result of this study shows Hungary has the potential as a gateway as well as a new prospective market for Indonesia. To make Hungary a gateway for Indonesia's economic diplomacy in the Central and Eastern European Region, collaboration from the penta helix or multi-stakeholders is needed including the government, business people/practitioners, academics, communities, and the media. Keywords: Economic Diplomacy; Trade; Investment; Tourism; Prospective Market
Economic Interdependence between Norway and The European Union Compared to Switzerland and The European Union Reskiyah, Emy Sri
Global Political Studies Journal Vol. 7 No. 1 (2023): Global Political Studies Journal
Publisher : Universitas Komputer Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.34010/gpsjournal.v7i1.8697

Abstract

Norway and Switzerland have a history of being part of the European Union (EU) and eventually opting out. Though, as a part of the European Economic Area allows Norway to integrate and participate with the EU’s single market. Similarly, Switzerland can participate in and access the European single market through a set of bilateral agreements with the EU. Consequently, both countries must accept a set of rules by the EU. This paper aims to compare and examine the bilateral relations maintained between Norway and the EU compared to Switzerland and the EU in the field of economic cooperation namely the trade and investment sectors in the aftermath of the financial crisis. This paper incorporates two types of analysis. The first part uses quantitative methods of descriptive statistical analysis and is followed by strength, weakness, opportunities, and threat (SWOT) analysis. This paper demonstrates that the bilateral relations between Norway and the EU as well as for Switzerland and the EU have created conditions of interdependence for both the EU and its partners, namely, Norway and Switzerland. Keywords— European Union, Interdependence, Norway, Switzerland
From Surge to Stability: Trade Growth and Investment Limits in the Visegrád Four Reskiyah, Emy Sri; Meganingratna, Andi
Budi Luhur Journal of Strategic & Global Studies Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Universitas Budi Luhur

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36080/jsgs.v4i1.63

Abstract

Abstract: The Visegrád Group (V4), comprising the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, has evolved from a political alliance into a significant subregional economic actor within the European Union (EU). While much research emphasizes post-2004 dynamics, the pre-accession trajectory and intra-V4 economic relations remain less systematically explored. This paper addresses this gap by comparing trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) across two phases, namely the pre-accession period (1995–2004) and the post-accession period (2005–2022). The study adopts a qualitative research design based on documentary analysis, thematic interpretation, and a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) framework, with descriptive indicators such as CAGR used only for contextual support. The findings indicate that intra-V4 trade is characterized by rapid pre-accession expansion followed by a more stable post-accession trajectory, while intra-V4 FDI integration remained limited and continued to be dominated by EU-15 economies. Interpreted through regionalism and spillover theory, the results suggest that functional spillover fostered lasting trade integration, whereas investment integration was constrained by structural asymmetries and competitive dynamics, thereby revealing the limits of subregional spillover within the EU framework. The study concludes that the V4’s long-term relevance depends on strengthening intra-regional investment, diversifying beyond manufacturing, and enhancing institutional coordination. Abstrak: Kelompok Visegrád (V4), yang terdiri dari Republik Ceko, Hongaria, Polandia, dan Slovakia, telah berevolusi dari aliansi politik menjadi aktor ekonomi subregional yang signifikan di dalam Uni Eropa (UE). Meskipun banyak penelitian menekankan dinamika pasca-2004, lintasan pra-aksesi dan hubungan ekonomi intra-V4 masih kurang dieksplorasi secara sistematis. Artikel ini membahas kesenjangan dengan membandingkan perdagangan dan investasi langsung asing (FDI) dalam dua fase, yaitu periode pra-aksesi (1995–2004) dan periode pasca-aksesi (2005–2022). Studi ini mengadopsi desain penelitian kualitatif berdasarkan analisis dokumen, interpretasi tematik, dan kerangka kerja kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang, dan ancaman (SWOT), dengan indikator deskriptif seperti CAGR hanya digunakan untuk dukungan kontekstual. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa perdagangan intra-V4 ditandai dengan ekspansi pra-aksesi yang cepat diikuti oleh lintasan pasca-aksesi yang lebih stabil, sementara integrasi FDI intra-V4 tetap terbatas dan terus didominasi oleh ekonomi UE-15. Diinterpretasikan melalui teori regionalisme dan spillover, hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa spillover fungsional mendorong integrase perdagangan yang berkelanjutan, sedangkan integrasi investasi dibatasi oleh asimetri struktural dan dinamika persaingan, sehingga mengungkapkan batasan limpahan subregional dalam kerangka Uni Eropa. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa relevansi jangka panjang V4 bergantung pada penguatan investasi intra-regional, diversifikasi di luar sektor manufaktur, dan peningkatan koordinasi kelembagaan.