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Proximate and Phytochemical Constituents of Ethanolic Extract of Seeds of Cola Acuminata and Cola Nitida Osaro, Igwe Esther; Chinedu, Imo; Ojochenemi E, Yakubu
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 2 No 2 (2024): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v2i2.2738

This study evaluated the proximate and phytochemical constituents of ethanolic seeds extracts of Cola nitida and Cola acuminata. The seeds of C. acuminata and C. nitida were purchased and air-dried at room temperature. The dried seeds were pulverized to ground sample. The sample was weighed and used for the proximate and phytochemical analysis. The qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of secondary metabolites: alkaloid, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, Cardiac glycoside, terpenes (tri), steroids and saponins, but the absence of anthraquinones. The seed of C. nitida was higher in alkaloids, saponins, phenols, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and C-glycosides than the seed of C. acuminata, while the seed of C. acuminata was higher in flavonoids and carbohydrates than the seed of C. nitida. There was no statistical significant difference (p>0.05) between the levels of alkaloids, saponins, phenols and tannins in seed of C. nitida and seed of C. acuminata. The difference between the levels of flavonoids, carbohydrates, steroids, triterpenes and C-glycosides in seed of C. nitida and seed of C. acuminata was statistically significant (p<0.05). The seed of C. nitida was higher in moisture, ash, lipid and crude protein than the seed of C. acuminata, while the seed of C. acuminata was higher in crude fibre and carbohydrate than the seed of C. nitida. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the levels of moisture, ash, lipid, crude fibre and crude protein in seed of C. nitida and seed of C. acuminata. The difference between the level of carbohydrate in seed of C. nitida and seed of C. acuminata was statistically significant (p<0.05). The result shows that seeds of C. acuminata and C. nitida possess an appreciable level of phytochemicals. It could be a good raw material for the production of some medicinal drugs and can be used in folk medicine for the treatment of some diseases.

Antidiabetic and Hepatoprotective Effects of Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Mitracarpus Hirtus on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats Sunday, Gabriel; Stephen, Ezeonu Chukuma; Chinedu, Imo; Tsuvini, Jonah; Attah, Atah David
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 2 No 2 (2024): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v2i2.2775

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that remains a major health concern worldwide. It is associated with derangement of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. This study evaluates the antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effects of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Mitracarpus hirtus on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Fifty-five male Wistar rats were divided into 11 groups, with diabetes induced by alloxan. Treatment with aqueous and ethanolic extracts, along with Glibenclamide, lasted three weeks. At the end of the treatment period, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis. Findings revealed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in fasting blood sugar (FBS) in group 10 (99.8 ± 15.74 mg/dL) when compared with group 2 (274.2 ± 7.95 mg/dL) in week 1. Week 2 also revealed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in group 11 (84.6 ± 14.98 mg/dL) when compared with group 2 (262.8 ± 15.94 mg/dL). Week 3, further revealed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in group 9 (79.4 ± 25.13 mg/dL) and group 11 (83.6 ± 8.35 mg/dL) when compared with group 2 (289.6 ± 20.89 mg/dL). Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) revealed a significant decrease (p<0.05) when group 11 (54.38 ± 15.74 U/L) was compared with group 2 (146.66 ± 11.35 U/L). Similarly, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) significantly decreased (p<0.05) when group 11 (53.46 ± 4.6 U/L) was compared with group 2 (101.42 ± 16.01 U/L), while total protein and albumin increased in all treated groups. Group 5 (0.64 ± 0.11 mg/dL) in Total bilirubin (TB) had the lowest mean when compared with group 2 (2.69 ± 0.52 mg/dL). All treatment groups significantly decreased (p<0.05) Triglyceride (TG) and Cholesterol (CHOL). From this study, it has been shown that the aqueous and ethanolic leaves extracts of Mitracarpus hirtus may have the potential to ameliorate the complications due to diabetes in a dose dependent manner.

Effects of Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits of Acacia nilotica and Flowers of Calotropis procera on Liver Function of Aspirin-Induced Male Albino Rats Ismail, Muhammad Zuhairah; Chinedu, Imo; Adebisi, Arowora Kayode; Philip, Shadrach; Mohammed, Rashida Ismail; Umaru, Isaac John; Iseko, Kingsley Iyoko; Istifanus, Dafup Katdel
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3675

This study examined the effects of ethanolic extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera on the liver function of male albino rats. Acacia nilotica fruits and Calotropis procera flowers are commonly consumed by natives in northern Nigeria for therapeutic purposes. Eighty-four (84) healthy male albino rats were used for this study. The animals were randomly distributed into six groups of ten animals each, while 24 rats were used for lethal dose (LD50) analysis. The animals were administered ethanolic extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera for 5 and 14 days respectively after induction with aspirin. The study was carried out in two phases: The animals were induced with 500 mg/kg body weight of aspirin 12 hours before the commencement of the experiment, the test animals were administered ethanolic extract of fruit of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera for 5 and 14 days and sacrificed at the end of each test phase respectively, blood was collected for biochemical analysis. The liver was harvested at the end of each phase, processed for histological investigation and photomicrographs taken. The result of liver function parameters showed that the mean values of alanine transaminase (ALT) after five-day of treatment decreased non-significantly (p>0.05) in groups 4, 5 and 6 and decreased significantly (p<0.05) in group 4 when compared to normal control. Also, ALT increased significantly (p<0.05) in group 2. There was a general decreasing trend in the mean values of aspartate transaminase (AST) across all groups except group 2. The mean values of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased significantly (p<0.05) in all groups, but increased non-significantly in group 2. The same trend was observed in the values of ALT, AST, and ALP after 14 days of treatment. Photomicrograph of the liver section of normal rats showed normal central vein, sinusoids and hepatocytes as well as that of the treated animals. Photomicrograph of liver section of rat administered aspirin only showed slightly dilated portal triad after five days. The study suggests that the ethanolic extracts from fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera may have active ingredients that are capable of improving some liver functions.

Effects of Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits of Acacia nilotica and Flowers of Calotropis procera on Liver Function of Aspirin-Induced Male Albino Rats Ismail, Muhammad Zuhairah; Chinedu, Imo; Adebisi, Arowora Kayode; Philip, Shadrach; Mohammed, Rashida Ismail; Umaru, Isaac John; Iseko, Kingsley Iyoko; Istifanus, Dafup Katdel
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3675

This study examined the effects of ethanolic extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera on the liver function of male albino rats. Acacia nilotica fruits and Calotropis procera flowers are commonly consumed by natives in northern Nigeria for therapeutic purposes. Eighty-four (84) healthy male albino rats were used for this study. The animals were randomly distributed into six groups of ten animals each, while 24 rats were used for lethal dose (LD50) analysis. The animals were administered ethanolic extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera for 5 and 14 days respectively after induction with aspirin. The study was carried out in two phases: The animals were induced with 500 mg/kg body weight of aspirin 12 hours before the commencement of the experiment, the test animals were administered ethanolic extract of fruit of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera for 5 and 14 days and sacrificed at the end of each test phase respectively, blood was collected for biochemical analysis. The liver was harvested at the end of each phase, processed for histological investigation and photomicrographs taken. The result of liver function parameters showed that the mean values of alanine transaminase (ALT) after five-day of treatment decreased non-significantly (p>0.05) in groups 4, 5 and 6 and decreased significantly (p<0.05) in group 4 when compared to normal control. Also, ALT increased significantly (p<0.05) in group 2. There was a general decreasing trend in the mean values of aspartate transaminase (AST) across all groups except group 2. The mean values of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased significantly (p<0.05) in all groups, but increased non-significantly in group 2. The same trend was observed in the values of ALT, AST, and ALP after 14 days of treatment. Photomicrograph of the liver section of normal rats showed normal central vein, sinusoids and hepatocytes as well as that of the treated animals. Photomicrograph of liver section of rat administered aspirin only showed slightly dilated portal triad after five days. The study suggests that the ethanolic extracts from fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera may have active ingredients that are capable of improving some liver functions.

Determination of Aflatoxin Levels in Cereals and Leguminous Grains Selected Cereals and Leguminous Grains Retailed in Wukari, Taraba State Chinonso, Anih David; Kayode, Arowora; Umaru, Isaac John; Chinedu, Imo; Ale, Ebenezer Morayo; Oladele, Gloria Omonefe
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v1i1.3689

Aflatoxins are group of secondary fungal metabolites produced by Aspergillus species, such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The aflatoxin producing moulds can grow on cereals and legumes in the field, poorly dried harvested crops in storage, processed food, and feed products. The study was carried out with the aim to determine the level of aflatoxin contamination of cereals grain and legumes retailed in Wukari, Taraba State Nigeria. A total Sixty-three (63) samples were procured from different vendors from the markets namely, new and old markets in Wukari and Dorowa Market, which comprises of 3 samples each of millet, maize, rice, groundnut, sesame seeds and soy beans. The samples were grounded and extracted with 80% (v/v) methanol. The enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique was used in quantifying the total aflatoxin content of the samples. The results revealed that there were no significant differences in the aflatoxin levels of shelled melon seeds while there was a significant difference in shelled groundnut, soybeans and millet samples purchased from all the markets. Aflatoxin levels in cereals and legumes retailed in Wukari, Taraba State ranged from 0.57-1.17µg/kg in shelled groundnut samples, 0.47-2.27µg/kg in shelled melon samples, 1.53-3.17µg/kg in sesame seed samples, 0.10-0.20µg/kg in soybean samples, 3.11-13.10µg/kg in maize samples, 6.13-15.4µg/kg in millet samples, and 0.471.0µg/kg in parboiled rice samples. the levels of aflatoxin in the samples which was observed to be highest in millet sample procured from Dorowa market with a value of 15.43±0.15% and lowest in soy bean bean sample procured from Dorowa and New market Wukari with a value of 0.10±0.00%. These aflatoxin levels were within the permissible limits for total aflatoxins recommended by FDA and NAFDAC for all products intended for food, hence these cereals and legumes analysed in this study are safe for human consumption.

In Vivo Determination of Effects of Fractions of Chrysophyllum albidum Leaf Extract on Liver Function of Bitis arietans Envenomated Wistar Rats A., Eneji Emmanuel; O. E., Yakubu; Chinedu, Imo
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 3 No 1 (2026): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v3i1.8806

This study investigated the anti-venom potential of solvent-fractionated ethanol leaf extract of Chrysophyllum albidum against Bitis arietans envenomation in Wistar rats, with a particular focus on antioxidant activity and liver function. Ethanol crude extract of C. albidum leaves was subjected to column chromatography using a gradient mobile phase of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and water, yielding 24 fractions. All fractions were evaluated in vitro for antioxidant and phytochemical properties, and three fractions (F5B, F6A, and F10B), obtained from ethyl acetate/ethanol (100:0 and 50:50) and methanol/H₂O (50:50) solvent systems, were selected for in vivo studies based on their superior antioxidant activities. Sixty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 12 groups (n = 5), including normal and envenomated controls, a standard anti-venom serum group, and treatment groups receiving different doses and durations of F5B, F6A, and F10B following intraperitoneal administration of 1.25 mL/kg B. arietans venom. Animals in most groups were treated for three days, whereas selected high-dose groups were treated for 14 days to assess sustained pharmacological effects. Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis of liver function markers (ALT, AST, ALP), and liver tissues were harvested for lipid peroxidation, endogenous antioxidant enzyme assays, and histopathological examination. Phytochemical and antioxidant profiling showed that F5B, F6A, and F10B consistently exhibited the highest DPPH and FRAP activities, β-carotene bleaching inhibition, hydrogen peroxide scavenging capacity, and elevated levels of total flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and tannins relative to other fractions. Envenomation with B. arietans venom significantly (p < 0.05) increased ALT, AST, and ALP levels in the negative control group compared with normal rats, whereas treatment with C. albidum fractions (F5B, F6A, and F10B) and the conventional anti-venom serum reduced these liver enzymes toward normal values. In the 14-day, higher-dose groups, meaningful pharmacological effects were observed, indicating sustained hepatoprotective and anti-venom potential. Overall, the findings suggest that bioactive antioxidant-rich fractions of C. albidum can mitigate venom-induced hepatic dysfunction and support the development of plant-based adjunct therapies for B. arietans envenomation.

Determination of Aflatoxin Levels in Cereals and Leguminous Grains Selected Cereals and Leguminous Grains Retailed in Wukari, Taraba State Chinonso, Anih David; Kayode, Arowora; Umaru, Isaac John; Chinedu, Imo; Ale, Ebenezer Morayo; Oladele, Gloria Omonefe
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v1i1.3689

Aflatoxins are group of secondary fungal metabolites produced by Aspergillus species, such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The aflatoxin producing moulds can grow on cereals and legumes in the field, poorly dried harvested crops in storage, processed food, and feed products. The study was carried out with the aim to determine the level of aflatoxin contamination of cereals grain and legumes retailed in Wukari, Taraba State Nigeria. A total Sixty-three (63) samples were procured from different vendors from the markets namely, new and old markets in Wukari and Dorowa Market, which comprises of 3 samples each of millet, maize, rice, groundnut, sesame seeds and soy beans. The samples were grounded and extracted with 80% (v/v) methanol. The enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique was used in quantifying the total aflatoxin content of the samples. The results revealed that there were no significant differences in the aflatoxin levels of shelled melon seeds while there was a significant difference in shelled groundnut, soybeans and millet samples purchased from all the markets. Aflatoxin levels in cereals and legumes retailed in Wukari, Taraba State ranged from 0.57-1.17µg/kg in shelled groundnut samples, 0.47-2.27µg/kg in shelled melon samples, 1.53-3.17µg/kg in sesame seed samples, 0.10-0.20µg/kg in soybean samples, 3.11-13.10µg/kg in maize samples, 6.13-15.4µg/kg in millet samples, and 0.471.0µg/kg in parboiled rice samples. the levels of aflatoxin in the samples which was observed to be highest in millet sample procured from Dorowa market with a value of 15.43±0.15% and lowest in soy bean bean sample procured from Dorowa and New market Wukari with a value of 0.10±0.00%. These aflatoxin levels were within the permissible limits for total aflatoxins recommended by FDA and NAFDAC for all products intended for food, hence these cereals and legumes analysed in this study are safe for human consumption.

In Vivo Determination of Effects of Fractions of Chrysophyllum albidum Leaf Extract on Liver Function of Bitis arietans Envenomated Wistar Rats A., Eneji Emmanuel; O. E., Yakubu; Chinedu, Imo
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 3 No 1 (2026): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v3i1.8806

This study investigated the anti-venom potential of solvent-fractionated ethanol leaf extract of Chrysophyllum albidum against Bitis arietans envenomation in Wistar rats, with a particular focus on antioxidant activity and liver function. Ethanol crude extract of C. albidum leaves was subjected to column chromatography using a gradient mobile phase of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and water, yielding 24 fractions. All fractions were evaluated in vitro for antioxidant and phytochemical properties, and three fractions (F5B, F6A, and F10B), obtained from ethyl acetate/ethanol (100:0 and 50:50) and methanol/H₂O (50:50) solvent systems, were selected for in vivo studies based on their superior antioxidant activities. Sixty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 12 groups (n = 5), including normal and envenomated controls, a standard anti-venom serum group, and treatment groups receiving different doses and durations of F5B, F6A, and F10B following intraperitoneal administration of 1.25 mL/kg B. arietans venom. Animals in most groups were treated for three days, whereas selected high-dose groups were treated for 14 days to assess sustained pharmacological effects. Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis of liver function markers (ALT, AST, ALP), and liver tissues were harvested for lipid peroxidation, endogenous antioxidant enzyme assays, and histopathological examination. Phytochemical and antioxidant profiling showed that F5B, F6A, and F10B consistently exhibited the highest DPPH and FRAP activities, β-carotene bleaching inhibition, hydrogen peroxide scavenging capacity, and elevated levels of total flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and tannins relative to other fractions. Envenomation with B. arietans venom significantly (p < 0.05) increased ALT, AST, and ALP levels in the negative control group compared with normal rats, whereas treatment with C. albidum fractions (F5B, F6A, and F10B) and the conventional anti-venom serum reduced these liver enzymes toward normal values. In the 14-day, higher-dose groups, meaningful pharmacological effects were observed, indicating sustained hepatoprotective and anti-venom potential. Overall, the findings suggest that bioactive antioxidant-rich fractions of C. albidum can mitigate venom-induced hepatic dysfunction and support the development of plant-based adjunct therapies for B. arietans envenomation.

Analysis of Phytochemical Components in Fractionated Ethanol Extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum Leaves A., Eneji Emmanuel; O. E., Yakubu; Chinedu, Imo
African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research Vol 3 No 1 (2026): African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajcmpr.v3i1.8805

Phytochemical characterization of medicinal plants is essential for guiding the isolation of bioactive constituents and supporting drug discovery efforts. This study comprehensively assessed the phytochemical composition of the ethanol leaf extract of Chrysophyllum albidum (C. albidum) using a complete gradient elution column chromatography methodology. The crude ethanol extract was fractionated into 12 fractions (F1–F12), with F1 being non-polar (100% hexane) and F12 being highly polar (100% water). All fractions were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening to determine the presence of major phytochemical classes, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. The findings indicated a heterogeneous distribution of phytochemicals across the fractions, with elevated levels of polar constituents, particularly flavonoids and tannins, detected in the more polar fractions (F5–F11), whereas the less polar fractions (F1–F4) predominantly contained non-polar compounds such as terpenoids. This comprehensive phytochemical profile provides a valuable foundation for future bioactivity-guided isolation and characterization of specific bioactive compounds from C. albidum leaves, thereby supporting the development of phytopharmaceuticals derived from this species.

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